References

FUT 2022
, 2022: 10 New Insights in Climate Science,
Tech. rept. Prepared for COP27. Future Earth, The Earth League, WCRP, Stockholm.
2k 2013
2k, Consortium PAGES, 2013: Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia,
Nature Geoscience, 6, 339–346.
2k 2019
2k, Consortium PAGES, 2019: Consistent multidecadal variability in global temperature reconstructions and simulations over the Common Era,
Nature Geoscience, 12, 643–649,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0400-0.
2k PMIP3 2015
2k PMIP3, Group PAGES, 2015: Continental-scale temperature variability in PMIP3 simulations and PAGES 2k regional temperature reconstrutions over the past millennium,
Clim. Past, 11, 1673–1699.
Adler et al. 2003
Adler, R. F., G. Huffman, A. Chang, R. Ferraro, P. Xie, J. Janowiak, B. Rudolf, U. Schneider, S. Curtis, D. Bolvin, A. Gruber, J. Susskind, and P. arkin, 2003: The version 2 global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-present),
J. Hydrometeor., 4, 1147–1167.
Aerts et al. 2006
Aerts, J. C. J. H., H. Renssen, P. J. Ward, H. de Moel, E. Odada, L. M. Bouwer, and H. Goosse, 2006: Sensitivity of global river discharges under Holocene and future climate conditions,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19401, doi:10.1029/2006GL027493.
Alexanderson 1986
Alexanderson, H. A., 1986: A homogeneity test applied to precipitation data,
J. Climatol, 6, 661–675.
Alexanderson and Moberg 1997
Alexanderson, H. A., and A. Moberg, 1997: Homogenisation of Swedish temperature data, Part I: Homogeneity test for linear trends,
Int. J. Climatol., 17, 25–34.
Alexanderson et al. 2000
Alexanderson, H. A., H. Tuomenvirta, T. Schmith, and K. Iden, 2000: Trends of storms in NW Europe derived from an updated pressure data set,
Cli. Res., 14, 71–73.
Alexeev et al. 2007
Alexeev, V. A., D. J. Nicolsky, V. E. Romanovsky, and D. M. Lawrence, 2007: An evaluation of deep soil configurations in the CLM3 for improved representation of permafrost,
Geophysical Research Letters, 34(9).
Ammann and Wahl 2007
Ammann, C. M., and E. Wahl, 2007: The importance of the geophysical context in statistical evaluations of climate reconstruction procedures,
Clim. Change, 85, 71–88, doi:10.1007/s10584–007–9276–x.
Ammann et al. 2003
Ammann, C. M., G. A. Meehl, and W. M. Washington, 2003: A monthly and latitudinally varying volcanic foricng dataset in simulations of thhe 20th century climate,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1657, doi:10.1029/2003GL016875.
Ammann et al. 2007
Ammann, C. M., F. Joos, D. S. Schimel, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, and R. A. Tomas, 2007: Solar influence on climate during the past millennium: Results from transient simulations with the NCAR Climate System Model,
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 104, 3713–3718, doi:10.1073–pnas.0605064103.
Ammann et al. 2010
Ammann, C. M., M. G. Genton, and B. Li, 2010: Technical note: correcting for signal attenuation from noisy proxy data in climate reconstructions,
Clim. Past, 6, 273–279.
Anchukaitis et al. 2006
Anchukaitis, K. J., M. N. Evans, A. Kaplan, E. A. Vaganov, M. K. Hughes, H. D. Grissino-Mayer, and M. A. Cane, 2006: Forward modeling of regional scale tree-ring patterns in the southeastern United States and the recent influence of summer drought,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L04705, doi:10.1029/2005GL025050.
Anchukaitis et al. 2012
Anchukaitis, K. J., P. Breitenmoser, K. R. Briffa, A. Buchwal, U. Buntgen, E. R. Cook, R. Darrigo, J. Esper, M. N. Evans, D. Frank, H. Grudd, B. E. Gunnarson, M. K. Hughes, A. V. Kirdyanov, C. Korner, P. J. Krusic, B. Luckman, T. M. Melvin, M. W. Salzer, A. V. Shashkin, C. Timmreck, E. A. Vaganov, and R. J. S. Wilson, 2012: Tree rings and volcanic cooling,
Nature Geoscience, 5, 836–837, doi:10.1038/ngeo1645.
Anderson and Woodhouse 2005
Anderson, D. M., and C. A. Woodhouse, 2005: Let all the voices be heard,
Nature, 433, 587–588.
Anderson et al. 2013
Anderson, D. M., E. M. Mauk, E. R. Wahl, C. Morrill, A. J. Wagner, D. Easterling, and T. Rutishauser, 2013: Global warming in an independent record of the past 130 years,
Geophys. Res. Lett., xxx, yyy.
Angstrom 1935
Angstrom, A., 1935: Teleconnections of climate changes in present time,
Geogr. Ann., 17, 242–258.
Annan and Hargreaves 2012
Annan, J. D., and J. C. Hargreaves, 2012: Identification of climatic state with limited proxy data,
Climate of the Past, 8(4), 1141–1151.
Aplin and Williams 2011
Aplin, K. L., and P. D. Williams, 2011: Meteorological phenomena in Western classical orchestral music,
Weather, x, xxx–xxx, doi: 10.1002/wea765.
Appenzeller et al. 1998a
Appenzeller, C., J. Schwander, S. Sommer, and T. F. Stocker, 1998a: The North Atlantic Oscillation and its imprint on precipitation and ice accumulation in Greenland,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1939–1942.
Appenzeller et al. 1998b
Appenzeller, C., T. F. Stocker, and M. Anklin, 1998b: North Atlantic Oscillation Dynamics Recorded in Greenland Ice Cores,
Science, 282, 446–449.
Arrhenius 1896
Arrhenius, S., 1896: On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground,
Phil. Mag., 41, 237–276.
Atwood et al. 2020
Atwood, A. R., A. Donohoe, D. S. Battisti, X. Liu, and F. S. R. Pausata, 2020: Robust Longitudinally Variable Responses of the ITCZ to a Myriad of Climate Forcings,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 47(17), e2020GL088833, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088833.
Badger et al. 2014
Badger, Jake, H. Frank, A. N. Hahmann, and G. Giebel, 2014: Wind-Climate Estimation Based on Mesoscale and Microscale Modeling: Statistical–Dynamical Downscaling for Wind Energy Applications,
Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 53(8), 1901–1919.
Balmaceda et al. 2007
Balmaceda, L., N. A. Krivova, and S. K. Solanki, 2007: Reconstruction of solar irradiance using the Group sunspot number,
Advances in space research, 40, 986–989.
Bard et al. 2000
Bard, E., G. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, and J. Jouzel, 2000: Solar irradiance during the last 1200 years based on cosmogenic nuclides,
Tellus, 52B, 985–992.
Barlow et al. 1993
Barlow, L. K., J. W. C. White, R. G. Barry, J. C. Rogers, and P. M. Grootes, 1993: The North Atlantic oscillation signature in deuterium and deuterium excess signals in the Greenland ice sheet project 2 ice core, 1840-1970,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2901–2904.
Barnet 1981
Barnet, T. P., 1981: Statistical prediction of North American Air Temperatures from Pacific Predictors,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1021–1041.
Barnett and Preisendorfer 1987
Barnett, T. P., and R. Preisendorfer, 1987: Origins and levels of monthly and seasonal forecast skill for the United States surface air temperatures determined by Canonical Correlation Analysis,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1825–1850.
Barnett et al. 2001
Barnett, T. P., D. W. Pierce, and R. Schnur, 2001: Detection of anthropogenic climate change in the world's oceans.,
Science, 292, 270–274.
Barnett et al. 2005
Barnett, T. P., D. W. Pierce, K. M. AchutaRao, P. J. Gleckler, B. D. Santer, J. M. Gergory, and W. M. Washington, 2005: Penetration of human-induced warming into the world's oceans.,
Science, 309, 284–287.
Barnett and Lewis 1994
Barnett, V., and T. Lewis, 1994: Outliers in Statistical Data. 3rd. edn..
Chischester: J. Willey and Sons.
Barnston and Livezey 1987
Barnston, A. G., and R. E. Livezey, 1987: Classification, seasonality and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1083–1126.
Barring 1988
Barring, L., 1988: Regionalization of daily rainfall in Kenya by means of common factora analysis,
J. Climatol., 8, 371–390.
Barring and von Storch 2004
Barring, L., and H. von Storch, 2004: Northern european storminess since about 1800,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L20202, doi:10.1029/2004GL020441:1 4.
Bartlett et al. 2004
Bartlett, M. G., D. S. Chapman, and R. N. Harris, 2004: Snow and the ground temperature record of climate change,
J. Geophys. Res., 109, F04008, doi:10.1029/2004JF000224.
Bartlett et al. 2005
Bartlett, M. G., D. S. Chapman, and R. N. Harris, 2005: Snow effect on North American ground temperatures, 1950-2002,
J. Geophys. Res., 110, F03008, doi:10.1029/2005JF000293.
Basnett and Parker 1997
Basnett, T. A., and D. E. Parker, 1997: Development of the global mean sea level pressure data set GMSLP2,
Tech. rept. 79. Hadley Centre, Bracknell, U.K.
Battle et al. 1996
Battle, M., M. Bender, T. Sowers, P. P. Tans, J. H. Butler, J. W. Elkins, J. T. Ellis, T. Conway, N. Zhang, P. Lang, and A. D. Clarke, 1996: Atmospheric gas cocentrations over the past century measured in air from firn and the South Pole,
Nature, 383, 231–235.
Bauer and Claussen 2006
Bauer, E., and M. Claussen, 2006: Analyzing seasonal temperature trends in forced climate simulations of the past millennium,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02702, doi:10.1029/2005GL024593.
Bauer et al. 2003
Bauer, E., M. Claussen, V. Brovkin, and A. Huenerbein, 2003: Assessing climate forcings of the earth system for the past millenium,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1276, 10.1029/2002GL016639.
Beck et al. 1992a
Beck, A. E., P. Y. Shen, H. Beltrami, J. C. Mareschal, J. Safanda, M. N. Sebagenzi, G. Vasseur, and K. Wang, 1992a: A comparison of five different analyses in the interpretation of five borehole temperature data sets,
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (GPC section), 98, 101–112.
Beck et al. 1992b
Beck, J. W., R. L. Edwards, E. Ito, F. W. Taylor, J. Recy, R. Rougerie, P. Joannot, and C. Henin, 1992b: Sea-surface temperature from Coral Skeletal Strontium/Calcium Ratios,
Science, 257, 644–647.
Behringer 1999
Behringer, W., 1999: Climatic change and witch-hunting: the impact of the Little Ice Age on mentalities,
Clim. Change, 43, 335–351.
Bekryaev et al. 2010
Bekryaev, Roman V., I. V. Polyakov, and V. A. Alexeev, 2010: Role of Polar Amplification in Long-Term Surface Air Temperature Variations and Modern Arctic Warming,
Journal of Climate, 23(14), 3888–3906.
Bell et al. 2003
Bell, J. L., L. C. Sloan, J. Revenaugh, and P. B. Duffy, 2003: Evaluation of Northern Hemisphere natural climate variability in multiple temperature reconstructions and global climate model simulations,
Global and Planetary Change, 37, 19–32.
Beltrami 2000
Beltrami, H., 2000: Energy balance of the Earth's surface: heat flux history in Eastern Canada,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(20), 3385–3388.
Beltrami 2001a
Beltrami, H., 2001a: On the relationship between ground temperature histories and meteorological records: a report on the Pomquet station.,
Glob. Planet. Change, 29, 327–348.
Beltrami 2001b
Beltrami, H., 2001b: Surface heat flux histories from geothermal data: inferences from inversion.,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 28,4, 655–658.
Beltrami 2001c
Beltrami, H., 2001c: Surface heat flux histories from inversion of geothermal data: energy balance at the Earth's surface.,
J. Geophys. Res., 106, B10, 21979–21993.
Beltrami 2002a
Beltrami, H., 2002a: Climate from borehole data: energy fluxes and temperatures since 1500,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 23,211, doi: 10.1029/2002GL015702.
Beltrami 2002b
Beltrami, H., 2002b: Earth's long term memory,
Science, 297, 206–207.
Beltrami and Bourlon 2004
Beltrami, H., and E. Bourlon, 2004: Ground warming patterns in the Northern Hmeisphere during the last five centuries,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 227, 169–177.
Beltrami and Chapman 2005
Beltrami, H., and D. S. Chapman, 2005: Climate change from earth temperatures: the big integrator,
www published, 12, 1–13.
Beltrami and Harris 2001
Beltrami, H., and R. N. Harris, 2001: Influence of climate change from geothermal data,
Glob. Planet. Change, 29, 149–152.
Beltrami and Mareschal 1991
Beltrami, H., and J. C. Mareschal, 1991: Recent warming in eastern Canada inferred from Geothermal Measurements,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 18(4), 605–608.
Beltrami and Mareschal 1995
Beltrami, H., and J. C. Mareschal, 1995: Resolution of ground temperature histories inverted from borehole temperature data,
Glob. Planet. Change, 11, 57–70.
Beltrami et al. 1992
Beltrami, H., A. M. Jessop, and J. C. Mareschal, 1992: Ground temperature histories in eastern and central Canada from geothermal measurements: evidence of climate change,
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (GPC section), 98, 167–184.
Beltrami et al. 1995
Beltrami, H., D. S. Chapman, S. Archambault, and Y. Bergeron, 1995: Reconstruction of high resolution ground temperature histories combining dendrochronological and geothermal data,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 136, 437–445.
Beltrami et al. 1997
Beltrami, H., L. Cheng, and J. C. Mareschal, 1997: Simultaneous inversion of borehole temperature data for determination of ground surface temperature history,
Geophys. J. Int., 129, 311–318.
Beltrami et al. 2002
Beltrami, H., J. E. Smerdon, H. Pollack, and S. Huang, 2002: Continental heat gain in the global climate system,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 8, 10.1029/2001GL014310.
Beltrami et al. 2003
Beltrami, H., C. Gosselin, and J. C. Mareschal, 2003: Ground surface temperatures in Canada: spatial and temporall variability,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (10), 10.1029/2003GL017144.
Beltrami et al. 2005
Beltrami, H., G. Ferguson, and R. N. Harris, 2005: Long-term tracking of climate change by underground temperatures,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19707, doi:10.1029/2005GL023714.
Beltrami et al. 2006a
Beltrami, H., E. Bourlon, L. Kellman, and J. F. González-Rouco, 2006a: Spatial patterns of ground heat gain in the Northern Hemisphere,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06717, doi:10.1029/2006GL025676.
Beltrami et al. 2006b
Beltrami, H., J. F. González-Rouco, and M. B. Stevens, 2006b: Subsurface temperatures during the last millennium: Model and Observation,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09705, doi:10.1029/2006GL026050.
Bense and Kooi 2004
Bense, V., and H. Kooi, 2004: Temporal and spatial variations of shallow subsurface temperature as a record of lateral variations in groundwater flow,
J. Geophys. Res., 109, B04103, doi:10.10292003JB002782.
Berger and Loutre 1991
Berger, A., and M. F. Loutre, 1991: Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 10, 297–317.
Bernal et al. 2011
Bernal, J. P., M. Lachniet, M. McCulloch, G. Mortimer, P. Morales, and E. Cienfuegos, 2011: A speleothem record of the Holocene climate variability from southwestern Mexico,
Quaternary Research, 75, 104–113.
Berz 1993
Berz, G., 1993: Global warming and the insurance industry,
Interdisciplinary Science Review, 18 (2), 120–125.
Berz and Conrad 1994
Berz, G., and K. Conrad, 1994: Stormy weather: the mounting windstorm risk and consequences for the insurance industry,
Ecodecision, 12, 65–68.
Betts et al. 2004
Betts, R. A., P. M. Cox, M. Collins, P. P. Harris, C. Huntingford, and C. D. Jones, 2004: The role of ecosystem-atmosphere interactions in simulated Amazonian precipitation decrease and forest dieback under global climate warming,
Theor. Appl Climatol, 78, 157–175, DOI: 10.1007/s00704–004–0050–y.
Bindoff et al. 2007
Bindoff, N. L., J. Willebrand, V. Artale, A. Cazenave, J. Gregory, S. Gulev, K. Hanawa, C. L. Quéré, S. L. amd Y. Nojiri, C. Shum, L. Talley, and A. Unnikrishnan, 2007: Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [S. Solomon and D. Qin and M. Manning and Z. Chen and M. Marquis and K. B. Averyt and M. Tignor and H. L. Miller (eds.)].
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Bindoff et al. 2013
Bindoff, N. L., P. A. Stott, K. M. AchutaRao, M. R. Allen, N. Gillett, D. Gutzler, K. Hansingo, G. Hegerl, Y. Hu, S. Jain, I. I. Mokhov, J. overland, J. Perlwitz, R. Sebbari, and X. Zhang, 2013: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change: from Global to Regional. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Bird et al. 2011
Bird, Broxton W., M. B. Abbott, M. Vuille, D. T. Rodbell, N. D. Stansell, and M. F. Rosenmeier, 2011: A 2,300-year-long annually resolved record of the South American summer monsoon from the Peruvian Andes,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(21), 8583–8588.
Birkmann et al. 2021
Birkmann, J., D. Feldmeyer, J. M. McMillan, W. Solecki, E. Totin, D. Roberts, C. Trisos, A. Jamshed, E. Boyd, and D. Wrathall, 2021: Regional clusters of vulnerability show the need for transboundary cooperation,
Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 094052, DOI: /10.1088/1748–9326/ac1f43.
Biswas et al. 1995
Biswas, S., B. N. Sraedhar, and Y. P. Singh, 1995: A simplified statistical technique for wind turbine energy output estimation,
Wind Engineering, 19, 147–155.
Blackmon 1976
Blackmon, M. L., 1976: A climatological spectral study of the 500 mb geopotential height on the Northern Hemisphere,
J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1607–1623.
Blackwell et al. 1980
Blackwell, D. D., J. L. Steele, and C. A. Brott, 1980: The terrain effect on terrestrial heat flow,
J. Geophys. Res., 85, 4757–4772.
Bloomfield 1976
Bloomfield, P., 1976: Fourier Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction..
New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Blunier et al. 1995
Blunier, T., J. Chappellaz, J. Schwander, B. Stauffer, and D. Raynaud, 1995: Variations in atmospheric methane concentration during the Holocene epoch,
Nature, 374, 46–49.
Bodri and Cermak 2007
Bodri, L., and V. Cermak, 2007: Borehole climatology: a new method how to reconstruct climate. 3rd. edn..
Netherlands: Elsevier Science and Technology.
Boehm et al. 2010
Boehm, R., P. D. Jones, J. Hiebl, D. Frank, M. Brunetti, and M. Maugeri, 2010: The early instrumental warm-bias: a solution for long central European temperature series 1760-2007,
Clim. Dyn., xxx, yyy–zzz.
Bonan and Doney 2018
Bonan, G. B., and S. C. Doney, 2018: Climate, ecosystems, and planetary futures: The challenge to predict life in Earth system models,
Science, 359, eaam8328, DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8328.
Bonan et al. 1992
Bonan, G. B., D. Pollard, and S. L. Thompson, 1992: Effects of boreal forest vegetation on global climate,
Nature, 359, 716–718.
Bonan et al. 2018
Bonan, G. B., E. G. Patton, I. N. Harman, K. W. Oleson, J. J. Finnigan, Y. Lu, and E. A. Burakowski, 2018: Modeling canopy-induced turbulence in the Earth system: a unified parameterization of turbulent exchange within plant canopies and the roughness sublayer (CLM-ml v0),
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1467–1496, DOI: 10.5194/gmd–11–1467–2018.
Bond et al. 2001
Bond, G., B. Kromer, J. Beer, R. Muscheler, M. N. Evans, W. Showers, S. Hoffmann, R. Lotti-Bond, I. Hajdas, and G. Bonani, 2001: Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene,
Science, 294, 2130–2136.
Bony et al. 2015
Bony, S., B. Stevens, D. Frierson, C. Jakob, M. Kageyama, R. Pincus, T. G. Shepherd, S. C. Sherwood, A. P. Siebesma, A. H. Sobel, M. Watanabe, and M. J. Webb, 2015: Clouds, circulation and climate sensitivity,
Nature Geoscience, 8, 261–268.
Boreux et al. 2009
Boreux, J. J., P. Naveau, O. Guin, L. Perreault, and J. Bernier, 2009: Extracting a common high frequency signal from Northern Quebec black spruce tree-rings with a Bayesian hierarchical model,
Climate of the Past, 5, 607–613.
Boville et al. 2001
Boville, B. A., J. T. Kiehl, P. J. Rasch, and F. O. Bryan, 2001: Improvements to the NCAR CSM-1 for transient climate simulations,
J. Climate, 14, 164–179.
Braconnot et al. 2007
Braconnot, P., B. Otto-Bliesner, S. Harrison, S. Joussaume, J. Y. Peterchmitt, A. Abe-Ouchi, M. Crucifix, E. Driesschaert, T. Fichefet, C. D. Hewitt, M. Kageyama, A. Kitoh, A. Laine, M. F. Loutre, O. Marti, U. Merkel, G. Ramstein, P. Valdes, S. L. Weber, Y. Yu, and Y. Zhao, 2007: Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum- Part 1: experiments and large-scale features,
Climate of the Past, 3, 261–277.
Braconnot et al. 2012
Braconnot, P., S. P. Harrison, M. Kageyama, P. J. Bartlein, V. Masson-Delmotte, A. abe Ouchi, B. Otto-Bliesner, and Y. Zhao, 2012: Evaluation of climate models using paleoclimate data,
Nature Climate Change, x, xxx–yyy, DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1456.
Bradley 2001
Bradley, R. S., 2001: Many citations support global warming trend,
Science, 292, 2011.
Bradley et al. 2001
Bradley, R. S., K. B. Briffa, T. J. Crowley, M. K. Hughes, P. D. Jones, and M. E. Mann, 2001: The scope of medieval warming,
Science, 292, 2011–2012.
Bradley et al. 2003a
Bradley, R. S., M. K. Hughes, and H. F. Diaz, 2003a: Climate in medieval time,
Science, 302, 404–405.
Bradley et al. 2003b
Bradley, R. S., K. R. Briffa, J. Cole, M. K. Hughes, and T. J. Osborn, 2003b: The climate of the last millennium. In Paleoclimate, global change and the future - K. D. Alverson, R. S. Bradley and T. F. Pedersen (eds.)-,
Berlin: Springer Verlag,
Pages 105–141.
Brandefelt and Kallén 2004
Brandefelt, J., and E. Kallén, 2004: The response of the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation to an enhanced greenhouse gas forcing,
J. Climate, 17, 4425–4442.
Brands et al. 2012
Brands, S., J. M. Gutierrez, S. Herrera, and A. S. Cofiño, 2012: On the use of reanalysis data for downscaling,
J. Clim., 25, 2517–2526.
Bretherton et al. 1992
Bretherton, C. S., C. Smith, and J. M. Wallace, 1992: An intercomparison of methods for finding coupled patterns in climate data,
J. Clim., 5, 541–560.
Briffa 2000
Briffa, K. R., 2000: Annual climate variability in the Holocene: interpreting the message from ancient trees,
Quaternary science reviews, 19, 87–105.
Briffa and Melvin 2011
Briffa, K. R., and T. M. Melvin, 2011: A Closer Look at Regional Curve Standardization of Tree-Ring Records: Justification of the Need, a Warning of Some Pitfalls, and Suggested Improvements in Its Application Dendroclimatology. In Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research (M.K. Hughes, T.W. Swetnam and H.F. Diaz, eds.).
Netherlands: Springer.
Briffa and Osborn 1999
Briffa, K. R., and T. J. Osborn, 1999: Seeing the wood from the trees,
Science, 284, 926–927.
Briffa and Osborn 2002
Briffa, K. R., and T. J. Osborn, 2002: Blowing hot and cold,
Science, 292, 662–667.
Briffa et al. 1990
Briffa, K. R., T. S. Bartholin, D. Eckstein, P. D. Jones, W. Karlen, F. H. Schweingruber, and P. Zetterberg, 1990: A 1400-year tree-ring record of summer temperatures in Fennoscandia,
Nature, 346, 434–439.
Briffa et al. 1998a
Briffa, K. R., P. D. Jones, F. H. Schweingruber, and T. J. Osborn, 1998a: Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years,
Nature, 393, 450–454.
Briffa et al. 1998b
Briffa, K. R., F. H. Schweingruber, P. D. Jones, T. J. Osborn, S. G. Shiyatov, and E. A. Vaganov, 1998b: Reduced sensitivity of recent tree-growth to temperature at high northern latitudes,
Nature, 391, 678–682.
Briffa et al. 2001
Briffa, K. R., T. J. Osborn, F. H. Schweingruber, I. C. Harris, P. D. Jones, S. G. Shiyatov, and E. A. Vaganov, 2001: Low frequency temperature variations from a northern tree-ring density network,
J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2929–2941.
Briffa et al. 2004
Briffa, K. R., T. J. Osborn, and F. H. Schweingruber, 2004: Large scale temperature inferences from tree rings: a review,
Global and Planetary Change, 40, 11–26.
Broccoli et al. 2006
Broccoli, Anthony J., K. A. Dahl, and R. J. Stouffer, 2006: Response of the ITCZ to Northern Hemisphere cooling,
Geophysical Research Letters, 33(1).
Broecker 2001
Broecker, W., 2001: Was the medieval warm period global?,
Science, 291, 1497–1499.
Broecker 2006
Broecker, W. S., 2006: Abrupt climate change revisited,
Global and Planetary Change, xxx, xx–xx.
Brohan et al. 2006
Brohan, P., J. J. Kennedy, I. harris, S. F. B. Tett, and P. D. Jones, 2006: Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: A new data set from 1850,
J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12106, doi:10.1029/2005JD006548.
Brohan et al. 2012
Brohan, P., R. Allan, E. Freeman, D. Wheeler, C. Wilkinson, and F. Williamson, 2012: Constraining the temperature history of the past millennium using early instrumental observations,
Climate of the Past, 8(5), 1551–1563.
Brook 2005
Brook, E. J., 2005: Tiny bubbles tell all,
Science, 310, 1285–1287.
Brooks and Quennell 1926
Brooks, C. E. P., and W. A. Quennell, 1926: Classification of monthly charts of pressure anomaly over the Northern Hemisphere,
Geophys. Mem., 31, 12pp.
Brovkin et al. 2013
Brovkin, V., L. Boysen, T. Raddatz, V. Gayler, A. Loew, and M. Claussen, 2013: Evaluation of vegetation cover and land-surface albedo in MPI-ESM CMIP5 simulations,
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 5(1), 48–57.
Brovkin et al. 2009
Brovkin, Victor, T. Raddatz, C. H. Reick, M. Claussen, and V. Gayler, 2009: Global biogeophysical interactions between forest and climate,
Geophysical Research Letters, 36(7).
Brown and Johnson 2005
Brown, Erik T., and T. C. Johnson, 2005: Coherence between tropical East African and South American records of the Little Ice Age,
Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 6(12).
Brown 2000
Brown, R. D., 2000: Northern Hemisphere snow cover variability and change, 1915-97,
J. Climate, 13, 2339–2355.
Brown and Goodison 1996
Brown, R. D., and B. E. Goodison, 1996: Interannual variability in reconstructed Canadian snow cover, 1915-1992,
J. Climate, 9, 1299–1318.
Brown et al. 2003
Brown, R. D., B. Brasnett, and D. Robinson, 2003: Gridded North American Monthly Snow Depth and Snow Water Equivalent for GCM Evaluation,
Atmos. Oce., 41(1), 1–14.
Brunet et al. 2007
Brunet, M., P. D. Jones, J. Sigró, O. Saladié, E. Aguilar, A. Moberg, P. M. Della-Marta, D. Lister, A. Walther, and D. López, 2007: Temporal and spatial temperature variability and change over Spain during 1850–2005,
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 112(D12).
Brunetti et al. 2006
Brunetti, M., M. Maugeri, F. Monti, and T. Nanni, 2006: Temperature and precipitation variability in Italy in the last two centuries from homogenised instrumental time series,
Int. J. Climatol, 26, 345–348.
Bryan et al. 2006
Bryan, F. O., G. Danabasoglu, N. Nakashiki, Y. Yoshida, D. H. Kim, and J. Tsutsui, 2006: Response of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation and ventilation to increasing carbon dioxide in CCSM3,
J. Climate, 19, 2382–2397.
Bryden et al. 2005
Bryden, H. L., H. R. Longworth, and S. A. Cunningham, 2005: Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25N,
Nature, 438, 655–667, doi:10.1038/nature04385.
Brynjarsdottir and Berliner 2011
Brynjarsdottir, J., and L. M. Berliner, 2011: Bayesian hierarchical modeling for temperature reconstruction from geothermal data,
Ann. Appl. Stat., 5, 1328–1359, DOI: 10.1214/10–AOAS452.
Bryson 1997
Bryson, R., 1997: The paradigm of climatology: an essay,
Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 78,3, 449–455.
Buckley et al. 2010
Buckley, B. M., K. J. Anchukaitis, D. Penny, R. Fletcher, E. R. Cook, M. Sano, L. C. Nam, A. Wichienkeeo, T. T. Minh, and T. M. Hong, 2010: Climate as a contributing factor in the demise of Angkor, Cambodia,
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 107, 6748–6752.
Buentgen et al. 2006
Buentgen, U., D. C. Frank, D. Nievergelt, and J. Esper, 2006: Summer temperature variations in the European Alps, A. D. 755-2004,
J. Climate, 19, 5606–5623.
Buentgen et al. 2008a
Buentgen, U., D. C. Frank, H. Grudd, and J. Esper, 2008a: Long-term summer temperature variations in the Pyrenees,
Clim. Dyn., 31, 615–631, doi: 10.1007/s00382–008–0390.x.
Buentgen et al. 2008b
Buentgen, U., D. C. Frank, R. Wilson, M. Carrer, C. Urbinati, and J. Esper, 2008b: Testing for tree-ring divergence in the European Alps,
Global Change Biology, 14, 2443–2453, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365–2486.2008.01640.x.
Buentgen et al. 2011
Buentgen, U., W. Tegel, K. Nicolussi, M. McCormick, D. Frank, V. Trouet, J. O. Kaplan, F. Herzig, K. U. Heussner, H. Wanner, J. Luterbacher, and J. Esper, 2011: 2500 years of European climate variability and human susceptibility,
Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.1197175.
Buerger and Cubasch 2005
Buerger, G., and U. Cubasch, 2005: Are multiproxy climate reconstructions robust?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23711, doi:10.1029/2005GL024155.
Buerger et al. 2006
Buerger, G., I. Fast, and U. Cubasch, 2006: Climate reconstruction by regression -32 variations on a theme,
Tellus, 58A, 227–235.
Burkhardt 1999
Burkhardt, U., 1999: Alpine precipitation in a tripled CO2-climate,
Tellus, 51A, 289–303.
Burns et al. 2002
Burns, S., D. Fleitmann, M. Mudelsee, U. Neff, A. Matter, and A. Mangini, 2002: A 780-year annually resolved record of Indian Ocean monsoon precipitation from a speleothem from south Oman,
J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4434, doi:10.1029/2001JD001281.
Busuioc and von Storch 1996
Busuioc, A., and H. von Storch, 1996: Changes in the winter precipitation in Romania and its relation to the large-scale circulation,
Tellus, 48A, 538–552.
Busuioc et al. 1999
Busuioc, A., H. von Storch, and R. Schnur, 1999: Verification of GCM-Generated regional seasonal precipitation for current climate and of statistical downscaling estimates under changing climate conditions,
J. Clim., 12, 258–272.
Callendar 1938
Callendar, G. S., 1938: The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature,
Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 64, 223–237.
Callendar 1940
Callendar, G. S., 1940: Variations in the amount of carbon dioxide in different air currents,
Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 66, 395–400.
Callendar 1958
Callendar, G. S., 1958: On the ammount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,
Tellus, 10, 243–248.
Cane et al. 2006
Cane, M. A., P. braconnot, A. Clement, H. Gildor, S. Joussaume, M. Kageyama, M. Khodri, D. Paillard, S. Tett, and E. Zorita, 2006: Progress in paleoclimate modeling,
J. Clim., 19, 5031–5057.
Carslaw and Jaeger 1959
Carslaw, H. S., and J. C. Jaeger, 1959: Conduction of heat in solids. 3rd. edn..
New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 2nd ed.
Casanueva et al. 2016
Casanueva, A., S. Herrera, S. Fernández, and J. M. Gutierrez, 2016: Towards a fair comparison of statistical and dynamical downscaling in the framework of the EURO-CORDEX initiative,
Clim. Change, 137, 411–426, doi: 10.1007/s10584–016–1683–4.
Castro-Diez et al. 2002
Castro-Diez, Y., D. Pozo-Vázquez, F. S. Rodrigo, and M. J. Esteban-Parra, 2002: NAO and winter temperature variability in southern Europe,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, doi: 10.1029/2001GL014042.
Casty et al. 2005
Casty, C., D. Handorf, C. Raible, J. F. González-Rouco, A. Weissheimer, X. Xoplaki, J. Luterbacher, K. Dethloff, and H. Wanner, 2005: Recurrent climate regimes in reconstructed and modelled 500 hPa geopotential height fields over the North Atlantic/European sector 16599-1990,
Clim. Dynamics, 24, 1–14 doi:10.1007/s00382–004–0496–8.
Caussinus and Mestre 2004
Caussinus, H., and O. Mestre, 2004: Detection and correction of artificial shifts in climate series,
53, 405–425.
Cavazos 1999
Cavazos, T., 1999: Large-scale circulation anomalies conductive to extreme precipitation events and derivation of daily rainfall in Northeastern Mexico and Southeastern texas,
J. Clim., 12, 1506–1523.
Cavazos 2000
Cavazos, T., 2000: Using self-organizing maps to investigate extreme climate events: an application to wintertime precipitation in the Balkans,
J. Clim., 13, 1718–1732.
Cayan 1992
Cayan, D. R., 1992: Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans: the conection to monthly atmospheric circulation,
J. Clim., 5, 354–369.
Celik 2003a
Celik, A. N., 2003a: Assessing the suitability of wind speed probability distribution functions based on wind power density,
Ren. Energy, 28, 1563–1574.
Celik 2003b
Celik, A. N., 2003b: Energy output estimation for small-scale wind power generators using Weibull-representative wind data,
J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 91, 693–707.
Celik 2003c
Celik, A. N., 2003c: A statistical analysis of wind power density based on the Weibull and Rayleigh models at the southern region of Turkey,
Ren. Energy, 29, 593–604.
Celik 2004
Celik, A. N., 2004: On the distributional parameters used in assessment of the suitability of wind speed probability density functions,
En. Conv. Manag., 45, 1735–1747.
Cermak 1971
Cermak, V., 1971: Underground temperature and inferred climatic temperature for the past millennium,
Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (GPC section), 10, 1–19.
Chapman et al. 2004
Chapman, D. S., M. G. Bartlett, and R. N. Harris, 2004: Comment on 'Ground vs. surface air temperature trends: implications for borehole surface temperature reconstructions' by M. E. Mann and G. Schmidt,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07205, doi:10.1029/2003GL019054.
Charles et al. 1997
Charles, C. D., D. E. Hunter, and R. G. Fairbanks, 1997: Interaction between the ENSO and the Asian Monsoon in a Coral Record of tropical climate,
Science, 277, 925–928.
Charles et al. 1999
Charles, S. P., C. B. Bryson, P. H. Whetton, and J. P. Hughes, 1999: Validation of downscaling models for changed climate conditions: case study of southwestern Australia,
Clim. Res., 12, 1–14.
Chávez-Arroyo et al. 2018
Chávez-Arroyo, R., P. Fernandes-Correia, S. Lozano-Galiana, J. Sanz-Rodrigo, J. Amezcua, and O. probst, 2018: A novel approach to statistical-dynamical downscaling for long-term wind resource predictions,
Meteorol Appl., 25, 171–183, DOI: 10.1002/met.1678.
Chiang et al. 2003
Chiang, J. C. H., M. Biasutti, and D. S. Battisti, 2003: Sensitivity of the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone to Last Glacial Maximum boundary conditions,
Paleoceanography, 18, doi:10.1029/2003PA000916.
Christensen et al. 2007
Christensen, J. H., B. Hewitson, A. Busuioc, A. Chen, X. Gao, I. Held, R. Jones, R. Kolli, W.-T. Kwon, R. Laprise, V. M. Rueda, L. Mearns, C. Menéndez, J. Räisänen, A. Rinke, A. Sarr, and P. Whetton, 2007: Regional Climate Projections. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [S. Solomon and D. Qin and M. Manning and Z. Chen and M. Marquis and K. B. Averyt and M. Tignor and H. L. Miller (eds.)].
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Christiansen 2011
Christiansen, B., 2011: Reconstructing the NH mean temperature: can underestimation of trends and variability be avoided?,
J. Climate, 24, 674–692, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3646.1.
Christiansen 2012
Christiansen, B., 2012: Reply to Comments on 'Reconstructing the NH mean temperature:Can underestimation of trends and variability be avoided?' by M. Tingley and B. Li,
J. Climate, 25, 3447–3452, doi: 10.1175/JCLI–D–11–00162.1.
Christiansen and Ljungqvist 2011
Christiansen, B., and F. C. Ljungqvist, 2011: Reconstruction of the Extratropical NH mean temperature over the last millennium with a method that preserves low-frequency variability,
J. Climate, 24, 6013–6034, doi: 10.1175/2011JCLI4145.1.
Christiansen et al. 2009
Christiansen, B., T. Schmith, and P. Thejll, 2009: A surrogate ensemble study of climate reconstruction methods: stochasticity and robustness,
J. Climate, 22, 951–976 doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2301.1.
Christiansen et al. 2010a
Christiansen, B., T. Schmith, and P. Thejll, 2010a: Reply to Rutherford et al. (2010),
J. Climate, 23, 2839–2844 doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3281.1.
Christiansen et al. 2010b
Christiansen, B., T. Schmith, and P. Thejll, 2010b: A surrogate ensemble study of sea level reconstructions,
J. Climate, 23, 4306–4326 doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3014.1.
Christidis et al. 2012
Christidis, Nikolaos, P. A. Stott, G. S. Jones, H. Shiogama, T. Nozawa, and J. Luterbacher, 2012: Human activity and anomalously warm seasons in Europe,
International Journal of Climatology, 32(2), 225–239.
Chudinova et al. 2006
Chudinova, S. M., O. W. Frauenfeld, R. G. Barry, T. Zhang, and V. A. Sorokovikov, 2006: Relationship between air and soil temperature trends and periodicities in the permafrost regions of Russia,
J. Geophys. Res., 111, doi:10.1029/2005JF000342.
Chuine et al. 2004
Chuine, I., P. Yiou, N. Viovy, B. Seguin, V. Daux, and E. L. R. Ladurie, 2004: Grape ripening as a past climate indicator,
Nature, 432, 289–290.
Clauser and Mareschal 1995
Clauser, C., and J. C. Mareschal, 1995: Ground temperature history in central Europe from borehole temperature data,
Geophys. J. Int., 121(3), 805–817.
Coats et al. 2013a
Coats, S., J. Smerdon, R. Seager, B. I. Cook, and J. F. González-Rouco, 2013a: Megadroughts in Southwestern North America in ECHO-G Millennial Simulations and Their Comparison to Proxy Drought Reconstructions,
J. Climate, 26, 7635–7649,
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00603.1.
Coats et al. 2013b
Coats, S., J. Smerdon, B. I. Cook, and R. Seager, 2013b: Stationarity of the tropical pacific teleconnection to North America in CMIP5/PMIP3 model simulations,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1–6,
DOI: 10.1002/grl.50938.
Cobb et al. 2013
Cobb, Kim M., N. Westphal, H. R. Sayani, J. T. Watson, E. Di Lorenzo, H. Cheng, R. L. Edwards, and C. D. Charles, 2013: Highly Variable El Niño Southern Oscillation Throughout the Holocene,
Science, 339(6115), 67–70.
Cochrane and Orcutt 1949
Cochrane, D., and G. H. Orcutt, 1949: Aplication of least squares regression to relationships containing autocorrelated error terms,
Amer. Stat. Assoc. J., 999, 32–61.
Cohen et al. 2005
Cohen, J., A. Frei, and R. D. Rosen, 2005: The role of boundary conditions in AMIP-2 simulations of the NAO,
J. Climate, 18, 973–981.
Cook and Esper 2002
Cook, E., and J. Esper, 2002: Reply to Tree ring chronologies and climate variability by M. Mann and M. Hughes,
Science, 296, 848.
Cook et al. 2000
Cook, E., B. M. Buckley, R. D. D'Arrigo, and M. J. Peterson, 2000: Warm-season temperatures since 1600 BC reconstructed from Tasmanian tree-rings and their relationship to large-scale sea surface temperature anomalies,
Climate Dynamics, 16, 79–91.
Cook 1995
Cook, E. R., 1995: Temperature histories from tree rings and corals,
Clim. Dyn., 11, 211–222.
Cook et al. 1998
Cook, E. R., R. D. D'Arrigo, and K. R. Briffa, 1998: A reconstruction of the Norht Atlantic Oscillation using treering chronologies from North America and Europe,
The Holocene, 8, 9–17.
Cook et al. 1999
Cook, E. R., D. M. Meko, D. W. Stahle, and M. K. Cleaveland, 1999: Drought reconstructions for the continental United States,
J. Clim., 12, 1145–1162.
Cook et al. 2002
Cook, E. R., J. G. Palmer, and R. D. D'Arrigo, 2002: Evidence for a 'Medieval Warm Period' in a 1100 year tree-ring reconstruction of past austral summer temperatures in New Zealand,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1667, 10.1029/2001GL014580.
Cook et al. 2004
Cook, E. R., J. Esper, and R. D. D'Arrigo, 2004: Extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere land temperature variability over the past 1000 years,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 2063–2074.
Cook et al. 2010
Cook, E. R., K. J. Anchukaitis, B. M. Buckley, R. D. D'Arrigo, G. C. Jacoby, and W. E. Wright, 2010: Asian Monsoon failure and megadrought during the last millennium,
Nature, 328, 486–489.
Cook et al. 2012
Cook, E. R., P. J. Krusic, K. J. Anchukaitis, B. M. Buckley, T. Nakatsuka, M. Sano, and P. A. Members, 2012: Tree-ring reconstructed summer temperature anomalies for temperate East Asia since 800 CE,
Clim. Dyn., 41, 2957–2972,
DOI 10.1007/s00382-012-1611-x.
Cook et al. 2015
Cook, E. R., R. Seager, Y. Kushnir, K. R. Briffa, U. Büntgen, D. Frank, P. J. Krusic, W. Tegel, G. van der Schrier, L. Andreu-Hayles, M. Baillie, C. Baittinger, N. Bleicher, N. Bonde, D. Brown, M. Carrer, R. Cooper, K. Cufar, C. Dittmar, J. Esper, C. Griggs, B. Gunnarson, B. Günther, E. Gutierrez, K. Haneca, S. Helama, F. Herzig, K. U. Heussner, J. Hofmann, P. Janda, R. Kontic, N. Köse, T. Kyncl, T. Levanic, H. Linderholm, S. Manning, T. M. Melvin, D. Miles, B. Neuwirth, K. Nicolussi, P. Nola, M. Panayotov, I. Popa, A. Rothe, K. Seftigen, A. Seim, H. Svarva, M. Svoboda, T. Thun, M. Timonen, R. Touchan, V. Trotsiuk, V. Trouet, F. Walder, T. Wazny, R. Wilson, and C. Zang, 2015: Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era,
Sci. Adv., 1, 1–10,
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1500561.
Cooper and Jones 1998
Cooper, G. R. J., and M. Q. W. Jones, 1998: Optimized inversion of borehole temperature data,
Geophysics, 63, 331–336.
Coronesea et al. 2019
Coronesea, M., F. Lampertia, K. Kellerc, F. Chiaromontea, and A. Roventinia, 2019: Evidence for sharp increase in the economic damages of extreme natural disasters,
PNAS, 116(43), 21450–21455.
Correia and Safanda 2001
Correia, A., and J. Safanda, 2001: Ground surface temperature history at a single site in sourthern Portugal reconstructed from borehole temperatures,
Global and Planetary Change, 19, 155–165.
Corte-Real et al. 1995
Corte-Real, J., X. Zhang, and X. Wang, 1995: Large-scale circulation regimes and surface climatic anomalies over the Mediterranean,
Int. J. Climatol, 15, 1135–1150.
Corti et al. 1999
Corti, S., F. Molteni, and T. N. Palmer, 1999: Signature of recent climate change in frequencies of natural atmospheric circulation regimes,
Nature, 398, 799–802.
Cox et al. 2000
Cox, P. M., R. A. Betts, C. D. Jones, S. A. Spall, and I. J. totterdell, 2000: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a couple climate model,
Nature, 408, 184–187.
Cox et al. 2004
Cox, P. M., R. A. Betts, M. Collins, P. P. Harris, C. Huntingford, and C. D. Jones, 2004: Amazonian forest dieback under climate-carbon cycle projections forthe 21st century,
Theor. Appl. Climatol., 78, 137–156, DOI:10.1007/s00704–004–0049–4.
Craig et al. 2017
Craig, A., S. Valcke, and L. Coquart, 2017: Development and performance of a new version of the OASIS coupler, OASIS3-MCT_3.0,
Geoscientific Model Development, 10(9), 3297–3308.
Crantz 1765
Crantz, D., 1765: Historie von Groenland.
Barby und Leipzig,
Translation: History of Greenland, 2nd ed., 2 vols. London, 1820.
Crespin et al. 2009
Crespin, E., H. Goosse, T. Fichefet, and M. E. Mann, 2009: The 15th century Arctic warming in coupled model simulations with data assimilation,
Climate of the Past, 5, 389–401.
Crowley 2000
Crowley, T. J., 2000: Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years,
Science, 289, 270–277.
Crowley and Lowery 2000
Crowley, T. J., and T. S. Lowery, 2000: How warm was the Medieval Warm period,
Ambio, 29, 51–54.
Crowley and Unterman 2012
Crowley, T. J., and M. B. Unterman, 2012: Technical details concerning development of a 1200-yr proxy index for global volcanism,
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss, 5, 1–18, doi:10.5194/essdd–5–1–2012.
Crowley et al. 2003
Crowley, T. J., S. K. Baum, K.-Y. Kim, G. C. Hegerl, and W. T. Hyde, 2003: Modeling ocean heat content changes during the last millennium,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1932, doi: 10.1029/2003GL017801.
Crowley et al. 2008
Crowley, T. J., G. Zielinski, B. Vinther, R. Udisti, K. Kreutzs, J. Cole-Dai, and E. Castellano, 2008: Volcanism and the Little Ice Age,
Pages Newsletter, 16, 22–23.
Crucifix 2006
Crucifix, M., 2006: Does the Last Glacial Maximum constrain climate sensitivity?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L18701, doi: 10.1029/2006GL027137.
Crucifix et al. 2002
Crucifix, M., M. F. Loutre, P. Tulkens, T. Fichefet, and A. Berger, 2002: Climate evolution during the Holocene: a study with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity,
Climate Dynamics, 19, 43–60, doi: 10.1007/s00382–001–0208–6.
Cruz et al. 2021
Cruz, J. A., F. McDermott, M. J. Turrero, R. L. Edwards, and J. Mart&́#305;n-Chivelet, 2021: Strong links between Saharan dust fluxes, monsoon strength, andNorth Atlantic climate during the last 5000 years,
Science Advances, 26, eabe6102, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe6102.
Cubasch et al. 1997
Cubasch, U., R. Voss, G. C. Hegerl, J. Waszkewitz, and T. J. Crowley, 1997: Simulation of the influence of solar radiation variations on the global climate with an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model,
Clim. Dyn., 13, 757–767.
Cubasch et al. 2013
Cubasch, U., D. Wuebbles, D. Chen, M. C. Facchini, D. Frame, N. Mahowald, and J. G. Winther, 2013: Introduction.
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Cuchiara and Rappenglueck 2018
Cuchiara, G. C., and B. Rappenglueck, 2018: Performance analysis of WRF and LES in describing the evolution and structure of the planetary boundary layer,
Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 18(5), 1257–1273, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10652–018–9597–5.
Cuesta-Valero et al. 2020
Cuesta-Valero, F. J., A. Garc&́#305;a-Garc&́#305;a, H. Beltrami, J. F. González-Rouco, and E. Garc&́#305;a-Bustamante, 2020: Long-Term Global Ground Heat Flux and Continental Heat Storage from Geothermal Data,
Climate of the Past Discussions, 2020, 1–27.
Cuesta-Valero et al. 2016
Cuesta-Valero, Francisco José, A. Garc&́#305;a-Garc&́#305;a, H. Beltrami, and J. E. Smerdon, 2016: First assessment of continental energy storage in CMIP5 simulations,
Geophysical Research Letters, 43(10), 5326–5335.
Cui and Zorita 1995
Cui, M., and E. Zorita, 1995: Coastal sea level and the large-scale climate state. A downscaling exercise for the Japanese Islands,
Tellus, 47A, 132–144.
Cullen et al. 2000
Cullen, H. M., R. D'Arrigo, E. Cook, and M. E. Mann, 2000: Multiproxy reconstructions of the Norht Atlantic Oscillation,
Paleoceanography, In press, ?, ?
Dai et al. 2003
Dai, Yongjiu, X. Zeng, R. E. Dickinson, I. Baker, G. B. Bonan, M. G. Bosilovich, A. S. Denning, P. A. Dirmeyer, P. R. Houser, G. Niu, K. W. Oleson, C. A. Schlosser, and Z.-L. Yang, 2003: The Common Land Model,
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 84(8), 1013–1024.
Dance 2023
Dance, A., 2023: Peer review needs a radical rethink,
Nature, 614, 581–583.
Dannmeyer 1948
Dannmeyer, F., 1948: Zur frage der Gegensaetzlichkeit der kalten winter in Groenland zu den warmen winter in Deutschland,
Polarforsch, 2, 29–30.
Dar et al. 2022
Dar, O., C. Machalaba, W. B. Adisasmito, S. Almuhairi, C. B. Behravesh, P. Bilivogui, and e. a. A. Salome, 2022: One Health theory of change,
Tech. rept. 25pp. One Health High-level Expert Panel (OHHLEP).
D'Arrigo et al. 2008
D'Arrigo, R., R. Wilson, B. Liepert, and P. Cherubini, 2008: On the 'Divergence Problem' in northern Forests: A review of the tree-ring evidence and posible causes,
Glob. Planet. Change, 60, 289–305, doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.03.004.
D'Arrigo et al. 2006
D'Arrigo, S., R. Wilson, and G. Jacoby, 2006: On the long-term context for late twentieth century warming.,
J. Geophys. Res., 111, D03103, doi:10.1029/2005JD006352.
Davin et al. 2007
Davin, E. L., N. de Noblet-Ducoudré, and P. Friedlingstein, 2007: Impact of land cover change on surface climate: Relevance of the radiative forcing concept.,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13702, doi:10.1029/2007GL029678.
Davis et al. 2003
Davis, E. E., K. Wang, K. Becker, R. E. Thomson, and I. Yashayaev, 2003: Deep-ocean temperature variations and implications for errors in seafloor heat flow determinations.,
J. Geophys. Res., 108, 2034, doi:10.1029/2001JB001695.
de Noblet et al. 1996
de Noblet, N., P. Braconnot, S. Joussaume, and V. Masson, 1996: Sensitivity of simulated Asian and African summer monsoons to orbitally induced variations in insolation 126, 115 and 6 kBP,
Climate Dynamics, 12, 589–603.
de Vrese et al. 2018
de Vrese, P., T. Stacke, and S. Hagemann, 2018: Exploring the biogeophysical limits of global food production under different climate change scenarios,
Earth System Dynamics, 9(2), 393–412.
Dee et al. 2011
Dee, D. P., S. M. Uppala, A. J. Simmons, P. Berrisford, P. Poli, S. Kobayashi, U. Andrae, M. A. Balmaseda, G. Balsamo, P. Bauer, P. Bechtold, A. C. M. Beljaars, L. van de Berg, J. Bidlot, N. Bormann, C. Delsol, R. Dragani, M. Fuentes, A. J. Geer, L. Haimberger, S. B. Healy, H. Hersbach, E. V. Hólm, L. Isaksen, P. Kållberg, M. Köhler, M. Matricardi, A. P. McNally, B. M. Monge-Sanz, J.-J. Morcrette, B.-K. Park, C. Peubey, P. de Rosnay, C. Tavolato, J.-N. Thépaut, and F. Vitart, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system,
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137(656), 553–597.
Deeming 1975
Deeming, T. J., 1975: Fourier analysis with unequally-spaced data,
36, 137–158.
Defant 1924
Defant, A., 1924: Die schwankungen der atmospherischen zirkulation ueber dem Nordatlantischen Ozean im 25-Jaehringen zeitraum 1881-1905,
Geogr. Ann., 6, 13–41.
Degroot et al. 2021
Degroot, D., K. Anchukaitis, M. Bauch, J. Burnham, F. Carnegy, J. Cui, K. de Luna, P. Guzowski, G. Hambrecht, H. Huhtamaa, A. Izdebski, K. Kleemann, E. Moesswilde, N. Neupane, T. Newfield, Q. Pei, E. Xoplaki, and N. Zappia, 2021: Towards a rigorous understanding of societal responses to climate change,
Nature, 591, 539–550.
Degroot et al. 2022
Degroot, D., K. Anchukaitis, J. E. Tierney, F. Riede, A. Manica, E. Moesswilde, and N. Gauthier, 2022: The history of climate and society: a review of the influence of climate change on the human past,
Environ. Res. Lett., 17, 103001.
Delaygue and Bard 2011
Delaygue, G., and E. Bard, 2011: An Antarctic view of Beryllium-10 and solar activity for the past millennium,
Climate Dynamics, 36, 2201–2218, DOI: 10.1007/s00382–010–0795–1.
Delworth et al. 2005
Delworth, T. L., V. Ramaswamy, and G. L. Stenchikov, 2005: The impact of aerosols on simulated ocean temperature and heat content in the 20th century,
32, L24709, doi: 10.1029/2005GL024457.
Denman et al. 2007
Denman, K. L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais, P. Cox, R. Dickinson, D. Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S. Ramachandran, P. da Silva Dias, S. Wofsy, and X. Zhang, 2007: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [S. Solomon and D. Qin and M. Manning and Z. Chen and M. Marquis and K. B. Averyt and M. Tignor and H. L. Miller (eds.)].
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Denton et al. 2005
Denton, G. H., R. B. Alley, G. C. Comer, and W. S. Broecker, 2005: The role of seasonality in abrupt climate change,
24, 1159–1182.
Déqué et al. 2005
Déqué, M., R. G. Jones, M. Wild, F. Giorgi, J. H. Christensen, D. C. Hassell, P. L. Vidale, B. Rockel, D. Jacob, E. Kjellström, M. de Castro, F. Kucharski, and B. van den Hurk, 2005: Global high resolution versus Limited Area Model climate change projections over Europe: quantifying confidence level from PRUDENCE results,
Climate Dynamics, 25(6), 653–670.
Déry and Wood 2006
Déry, C., and E. F. Wood, 2006: Analysis of snow in the 20th and 21st century Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled climate model simulations,
J. Geophys. Res., 111, D19113, doi:10.1029/2005JD006920.
Deser and Blackmon 1993
Deser, C., and M. L. Blackmon, 1993: Surface climate variations over the North Atlantic Ocean during winter:1900-1989,
J. Clim., 6, 1743–1753.
Diaz et al. 2011
Diaz, H. F., R. Trigo, M. K. Hughes, M. E. Mann, E. Xoplaki, and D. Barriopedro, 2011: Spatial and temporal characteristics of climate in medieval times revisited,
Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 92, 1487–1500, DOI:10.1175/BAMS–D–10–05003.1.
Diaz et al. 2001
Diaz, S. C., R. Touchan, and T. W. Swetnam, 2001: A tree-ring reconstruction of past precipitation for baja California Sur, Mexico,
Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1007–1019.
Dickson 1999
Dickson, B., 1999: All change in the Arctic?,
Nature, 397, 389–391.
D&́#305;ez et al. 2005
D&́#305;ez, E., C. Primo, J. A. Garc&́#305;a-Moya, J. M. Gutiérrez, and B. Orfila, 2005: Statistical and dynamical downscaling of precipitation over Spain from DEMERTER seasonal forecasts,
Tellus, 57, 409–423.
D'Odorico et al. 2000
D'Odorico, P., R. Revelli, and L. Ridolfi, 2000: On the use of neural networks for dendroclimatic reconstructions,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 791–794.
Doherty et al. 1999
Doherty, R. M., M. Hulme, and C. G. Jones, 1999: A gridded reconstruction of land and ocean precipitation for the extended tropics from 1974 to 1994,
Int. J. Climatol., 19, 119–142.
Dong and Sutton 2005
Dong, B., and R. T. Sutton, 2005: Mechanism of interdecadal thermohaline circulation variability in a coupled Ocean-Atmosphere GCM,
J. Climate, 15, 1117–1135.
Dorn et al. 2003
Dorn, W., K. Dethloff, A. Rinke, and E. Roeckner, 2003: Competition of NAO regime changes and increasing greenhouse gases and aerosoles with respect to Arctic climate projections,
Clim. Dyn., 21, 447–458.
Dove 1839
Dove, H. W., 1839: Uber die geographische verbreitung gleichartiger witterungserscheinungen,
Abh. Koen. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 287–415.
Downton and Katz 1993
Downton, M. W., and R. W. Katz, 1993: A test for inhomogeneous variance in time-averaged temperature data,
J. Climate, 6, 2448–2464.
Drijfhout and Hazeleger 2007
Drijfhout, S. S., and W. Hazeleger, 2007: Detecting Atlantic MOC changes in an ensemble of climate change simulations,
J. Climate, 13, 1571–1582.
Dunkeloh and Jacobeit 2003
Dunkeloh, A., and J. Jacobeit, 2003: Circulation dynamics of Mediterranean precipitation variability 1948-98,
Int. J. Climatol., 23, 1843–1866.
Dunn et al. 2012
Dunn, R. J. H., K. M. Willett, P. W. Thorne, E. V. Woolley, I. Durre, A. Dai, D. E. Parker, and R. S. Vose, 2012: HadISD: a quality-controlled global synoptic report database for selected variables at long-term stations from 1973 to 2011,
Climate of the Past, 8(5), 1649–1679.
Durán 2015
Durán, L., 2015: A comprehensive assessment of precipitation at Sierra de Guadarrama through observation and modelling,
Tech. rept. T36755. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Tesis Doctoral, eprints Complutense.
Durán et al. 2013
Durán, L., E. Sánchez, and C. Yagüe, 2013: Climatology of precipitation over the Iberian Central System Mountain Range,
Int. J. Climatol., 33, 2260–2273.
Durán et al. 2015
Durán, L., B. Rodríguez-Fonseca, C. Yagüe, and E. Sánchez, 2015: Water vapour flux patterns and precipitation at Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range (Spain),
Int. J. Climatol., 35, 1593–1610.
Durbin and Watson 1971
Durbin, J., and G. S. Watson, 1971: Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression, III,
Biometrika, 37, 1–19.
Dyer and Mote 2006
Dyer, J. L., and T. L. Mote, 2006: Spatial variability and trends in observed snow depth over North America,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16503, doi:10.1029/2006GL027258.
Dyer and Mote 2007
Dyer, J. L., and T. L. Mote, 2007: Trends in snow ablation over North America,
Int. J. Climatol., 27, 739–748 DOI: 10.1002/joc.1426.
Dyer 1975
Dyer, T. G. J., 1975: The assignment of rainfall stations into homogeneous groups: an application of principal component analysis,
Quater. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 101, 1005–1013.
Easterling and Peterson 1995
Easterling, D. R., and T. C. Peterson, 1995: A new method for detecting undocumented discontinuities in climatological time series,
Int. J. Climatol., 15, 369–377.
Easterling et al. 1996
Easterling, D. R., T. C. Peterson, and T. R. Karl, 1996: On the development and use of homogenized climate datasets,
J. Clim., 9, 1429–1434.
Easterling et al. 2007
Easterling, D. R., T. W. R. Wallis, J. H. Lawrimore, and R. R. H. Jr, 2007: Effects of temperature and precipitation trends on U. S. drought,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L20709, doi:10.1029/2007GL031541.
Eischeid et al. 1995
Eischeid, J., C. B. Baker, T. Karl, and H. F. D&́#305;az, 1995: The quality control of long-term climatological data using objective data analysis,
J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 2787–2795.
Ekici et al. 2014
Ekici, A., C. Beer, S. Hagemann, J. Bolke, M. Langer, and C. Hauck, 2014: Simulating the high-latitude permafrost regions by the JSBACH terrestrial ecosystemmodel,
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 631–647.
Ellsaesser 1990
Ellsaesser, H. W., 1990: A different view of the climatic effect of CO2 - Updated,
Atmósfera, 3, 3–29.
Elsner 2006
Elsner, J. B., 2006: Evidence in support of the cliamte change- Atlantic hurricane hypothesis,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16705, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026869.
Emanuel 2005
Emanuel, K., 2005: Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years,
Nature, 436, 686–688.
Emile-Geay et al. 2007
Emile-Geay, J., M. Cane, R. Seager, A. Kaplan, and P. Almasi, 2007: El Ni no as a mediator of the solar influence on climate,
Paleoceanography, 22, PA3210 doi: 10.1029/2006PA001304.
Emile-Geay et al. 2013a
Emile-Geay, J., K. M. Cobb, M. E. Mann, and A. T. Wittenberg, 2013a: Estimating Central Equatorial Pacific SST Variability over the Past Millennium. Part I: Methodology and Validation,
J. Climate, 26, 2302–2328, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI–D–11–00510.1.
Emile-Geay et al. 2013b
Emile-Geay, J., K. M. Cobb, M. E. Mann, and A. T. Wittenberg, 2013b: Estimating Central Equatorial Pacific SST Variability over the Past Millennium. Part II: Reconstructions and Implications,
J. Climate, 26, 2329–2352, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI–D–11–00511.1.
Enting 1986
Enting, I. G., 1986: A signal processing approach to analysing background atmospheric constituent dat,
Tech. rept. 13. CSIRO, Australia,
Division of Atmospheric Research.
EPICA 2005
EPICA, 2005: Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic Ice Core,
Nature, 429, 623–628.
Escribano 2023
Escribano, G. 2023 (2023).The geopolitics of renewables and new geographies of energy,
Tech. rept. Naturgy Foundation, Madrid.
Escribano and Lazaro-Touza 2020
Escribano, G., and L. Lazaro-Touza 2020 (22.04.2020).Oil markets, energy transition, climate governance and COVID-19: the short, the medium and the long term,
Tech. rept. 6. El Cano Royal Institute, Madrid,
WG6.
Escribano and Lazaro-Touza 2022
Escribano, G., and L. Lazaro-Touza, 2022: Seis historias de geopolítica y renovables en el Mediterráneo y América Latina,
Papeles de Energ&́#305;a, 17, 103–129.
Esper and Frank 2009a
Esper, J., and D. Frank, 2009a: Divergence pitfalls in tree-ring research,
Climatic Change, 94, 261–266, doi:10.1007/s10584–009–9594–2.
Esper and Frank 2009b
Esper, J., and D. Frank, 2009b: The IPCC on a heterogeneous Medieval Warm Period,
Climatic Change, 94, 267–273, doi:10.1007/s10584–008–9492–z.
Esper et al. 2002
Esper, J., E. R. Cook, and F. Schweingruber, 2002: Low-frequency signals in long tree-ring chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability,
Science, 295, 2250–2253.
Esper et al. 2007
Esper, J., D. Frank, U. Buentgen, A. Verstege, J. Luterbacher, and E. Xoplaki, 2007: Long-term drought severity variations in Morocco,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17702, doi:10.1029/2007GL030844.
Esper et al. 2010
Esper, J., D. Frank, U. Buentgen, A. Verstege, R. M. Hantemirov, and A. V. Kirdyanov, 2010: Trends and uncertainties in Siberian indicators of 20th century warming,
Global Change Biology, 16, 386–398, doi: 10.1111/j.1365–2486.2009.01913.x.
Esteban-Parra et al. 1995
Esteban-Parra, M. J., F. S. Rodrigo, and Y. Castro-D&́#305;ez, 1995: Temperature trends and change points in the northern spanish plateau during the last 100 years,
Int. J. Climatol., 15, 1031–1042.
Esteban-Parra et al. 1998
Esteban-Parra, M. J., F. S. Rodrigo, and J. Castro-Diez, 1998: Spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation in Spain for the period 1880-1992,
Int. J. Climatol., 18, 1557–1574.
Etheridge et al. 1996
Etheridge, D., L. P. Steele, R. L. Langenfelds, R. Francey, J. Barnola, and V. Morgan, 1996: Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn,
J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4115–4128.
Etheridge et al. 1998
Etheridge, D. M., L. P. Steele, R. J. Francey, and R. L. Langenfelds, 1998: Atmospheric methane between 1000 A.D. and present: Evidence of anthropogenic emissions and climatic variability.,
J. Geophys. Res., 103(D13), 15979–15993.
Evans et al. 2006
Evans, M. N., B. K. Reichert, A. Kaplan, K. J. Anchukaitis, E. A. Vaganov, M. K. Hughes, and M. A. Kane, 2006: A forward modeling approach to paleoclimatic interpretation of tree-ring data,
J. Geophys. Res., xxx, xxxx–xxxx.
Evans et al. 2013
Evans, M.N., S. Tolwinski-Ward, D. Thompson, and K. Anchukaitis, 2013: Applications of proxy system modeling in high resolution paleoclimatology,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 76, 16–28.
Eyring et al. 2016
Eyring, V., S. Bony, G. A. Meehl, C. A. Senior, B. Stevens, R. J. Stouffer, and K. E. Taylor, 2016: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization,
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937–1958, doi:10.5194/gmd–9–1937–2016.
Ezpeleta and Roye 2021
Ezpeleta, A. Martí, and D. Roye, 2021: Intensidad y duración del estrés térmico en verano en el área urbana de Madrid,
GEOGRAPHICALIA, 73, 95–113.
Felis et al. 2004
Felis, T., G. Lohmann, N. Kuhmert, S. J. Lorentz, D. Schotz, J. Paetzold, S. A. Al-Rousan, and S. M. Al-Moghrabi, 2004: Increased seasonality in Middle East temperatures during the last Interglacial period,
Nature, 429, 164–168.
Ferguson and Beltrami 2006
Ferguson, G., and H. Beltrami, 2006: Transient lateral heat flow due to land-use changes,
Earth and Planetary Sci. Lett., 252, 217–222, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.12.001.
Ferguson and Woodbury 2004
Ferguson, G., and A. D. Woodbury, 2004: Subsurface heat flow in an urban environment,
J. Geophys. Res., 109, B02402, doi:10.1029/2003JB002715.
Ferguson et al. 2006
Ferguson, G., H. Beltrami, and A. D. Woodbury, 2006: Perturbation of ground surface temperature reconstructions by groundwater flow?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L13708, doi:10.1029/2006GL026634.
Fernández and Cabal 1992
Fernández, J., and J. Cabal, 1992: Heat-flow data and shallow thermal regime on Mallorca and Menorca (western Mediterranean),
Tectonophysics, 203, 133–143.
Fernández and Sáenz 2003
Fernández, J., and J. Sáenz, 2003: Improved field reconstruction with the analog method: searching the CCA space,
Clim. Res., 24, 199–213.
Fernández-Donado et al. 2013
Fernández-Donado, L., J. F. González-Rouco, C. C. Raible, C. M. Ammann, D. Barriopedro, E. Garc&́#305;a-Bustamante, J. H. Jungclaus, S. J. Lorenz, J. Luterbacher, S. J. Phipps, J. Servonnat, D. Swingedouw, S. F. B. Tett, S. Wagner, P. Yiou, and E. Zorita, 2013: Temperature response to external forcing in simulations and reconstructions of the last millennium,
Climate of the Past Discussions, 8(4), 4003–4073.
Fernández-Mills 1995
Fernández-Mills, G., 1995: Principal component analysis of precipitation and rainfall regionalization in Spain,
Theor. Appl. Climatol., 50, 117–131.
Fernández-Montes et al. 2017
Fernández-Montes, S., J. Gómez-Navarro, F. Rodrigo, J. García-Valero, and J. Montávez, 2017: Covariability of seasonal temperature and precipitation over the Iberian Peninsula in high-resolution regional climate simulations (1001–2099),
Global and Planetary Change, 151, 122–133,
Climate Variability and Change in the Mediterranean Region.
Feulner 2011
Feulner, Georg, 2011: Are the most recent estimates for Maunder Minimum solar irradiance in agreement with temperature reconstructions?,
Geophysical Research Letters, 38(16), n/a–n/a.
Fichtner et al. 2006
Fichtner, H., K. Scherer, and B. Heber, 2006: A criterion to discriminate between solar and cosmic ray forcing of the terrestrial climate,
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 6, 10811–10836.
Filippov 1968
Filippov, V. V., 1968: Quality Control Procedures for Meteorológical Data,
Tech. rept. 26. WMO, Geneva.
Fischer et al. 2007a
Fischer, E. M., S. I. Seneviratne, D. Luethi, and C. Sch'́ar, 2007a: Contribution of land-atmosphere coupling to recent European summer heat waves,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06707, doi:10.1029/2006GL029068.
Fischer et al. 2007b
Fischer, E. M., J. Luterbacher, E. Zorita, S. F. B. Tett, C. Casty, and H. Wanner, 2007b: European climate response to tropical volcanic eruptions over the last half millennium,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05707, doi:10.1029/2006GL027992.
Fischer et al. 2008
Fischer, H., M. Behrens, M. Bock, U. Richter, J. Schmitt, L. Loulergue, J. Chappellaz, R. Spahni, T. Blunier, M. Lauenberger, and T. Stocker, 2008: Changing boreal methane sources and constant biomass burning during the last termination,
Nature, 452, 864–867.
Fischer et al. 2010
Fischer, H., J. Schmitt, D. Luthi, T. F. Stocker, T. Tschumi, P. Parekh, F. Joos, P. Kohler, C. Volkker, R. Gersonde, C. Barbante, M. L. Floch, D. Raynaud, and E. Wolff, 2010: The role of Southern Ocean processes in orbital and millnnial CO2 variations- A synthesis,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 29, 193–205.
Fischer-Bruns et al. 2005
Fischer-Bruns, I., H. von Storch, J. F. González-Rouco, and E. Zorita, 2005: Modelling the variability of midlatitude storm activity on decadal to century time scales,
Clim. Dyn., DOI 10.1007/s00382–005–0036–1.
Fisher et al. 2003
Fisher, A. T., E. E. Davis, M. Hutnak, V. Spiess, L. Zuehlsdorff, A. Cherkaoui, L. Christiansen, K. Edwards, R. Macdonald, H. Villinger, M. J. Motti, C. G. Wheat, and K. Becker, 2003: Hydrothermal recharge and discharge across 50 km guided by seamounts on a young ridge flank,
Nature, 421, 618–621.
Fleitmann et al. 2004
Fleitmann, D., S. J. Burns, U. Neff, M. Mudelsee, A. Mangini, and A. Matter, 2004: Palaeoclimatic interpretation of high-resolution oxygen isotope profiles derived from annually laminated speleothems from Southern Oman,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 935–945.
Fogt et al. 2009
Fogt, R. L., J. Perlwitz, A. Monaghan, D. H. Bromwich, J. M. Jones, and G. Marshall, 2009: Historical SAM variability. Part II: twentieth-century variability and trends for reconstructions, obbservations and the IPCC AR4 models,
J. Climate, 22, 5346–5365.
Forster et al. 2007
Forster, P., V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, R. Betts, D. Fahey, J. Haywood, J. Lean, D. Lowe, G. Myhre, J. Nganga, R. Prinn, G. Raga, M. Schulz, and R. V. Dorland, 2007: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [S. Solomon and D. Qin and M. Manning and Z. Chen and M. Marquis and K. B. Averyt and M. Tignor and H. L. Miller (eds.)].
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Foukal et al. 2004
Foukal, P., G. North, and T. Wigley, 2004: A stellar view on solar variations and climate,
Science, 306, 68–69.
Fourier 1827
Fourier, J. B., 1827: Mémoire sur les températures du globe terrestre,
Mèmoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de l'Institut de France., VII, 570–604.
Fraedrich et al. 1995
Fraedrich, K., C. Ziehmann, and F. Sielmann, 1995: Estimates of spatial degrees of freedom,
J. Climate, 8, 361–369.
Frank et al. 2007
Frank, D., J. Esper, K. Fraedrich, C. Ziehmann, and F. Sielmann, 2007: Adjustment for proxy number and coherence in a large-scale temperature reconstruction,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16709, Doi: 10.1029/2007GL030571.
Frank et al. 2010
Frank, D., J. Esper, and E. Z. annd R. Wilson, 2010: A noodle, hockey stick, and spagetti plate: a perspective on high-resolution paleoclimatology,
Wires, 507–516, DOI: 10.1002/wcc.53.
Frei et al. 1999
Frei, A., D. A. Robinson, and M. G. Hughes, 1999: North American snow extent: 1900-1994,
Int. J. Climatol., 19, 1517–1534.
Fromentin and Planque 1996
Fromentin, J. M., and B. Planque, 1996: Calanus and environment in the eastern North Atlantic II. Influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on C. finmarchicus and C. helgolandicus,
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 134, 111–118.
Fyfe et al. 1999
Fyfe, J. C., G. J. Boer, and G. M. Flato, 1999: The Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations and their Projected Changes Under Global Warming,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1601–1604.
Gagen et al. 2016
Gagen, M. H., E. Zorita, D. McCarroll, M. Zahn, G. H. F. Young, and I. Robertson, 2016: North Atlantic summer storm tracks over Europe dominated by internal variability over the past millennium,
Nature Geoscience, 9(8), 630–635.
Ganachaud and Wunsch 2000
Ganachaud, A., and C. Wunsch, 2000: Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data,
Nature, 408, 453–456.
Ganopolski and Rahmstorf 2001
Ganopolski, A., and S. Rahmstorf, 2001: Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model,
Nature, 409, 153–158.
Ganopolski et al. 1998
Ganopolski, A., C. Kubatzki, M. Claussen, V. Brovkin, and V. Petoukhov, 1998: The influence of vegetation-atmosphere-ocean interaction on climate during the mid-Holocene,
Science, 280, 1916–1919.
Gao et al. 2008
Gao, C. C., A. Robock, and C. Ammann, 2008: Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: an improved ice core-based index for climate models,
J. Geophys. Res., 113, D23111, doi: 10.1029/2008JD010239.
Gao et al. 2012
Gao, C. C., A. Robock, and C. Ammann, 2012: Correction to Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: An improved ice core-based index for climate models ,
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117(D16), D16112.
Gao et al. 2017
Gao, Y., X. Gao, and X. Zhang, 2017: The 2C Global Temperature Target and the Evolution of the Long-Term Goal of Addressing Climate Change—From the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to the Paris Agreement,
Engineering, 3, 272–278.
García-Bustamante et al. 2009
García-Bustamante, E., J. F. González-Rouco, P. A. Jiménez, J. Navarro, and J. P. Montávez, 2009: A comparison of methodologies for monthly wind energy estimation,
Wind Energy, 12, 640–659.
García-Bustamante et al. 2010
García-Bustamante, E., J. F. González-Rouco, J. Navarro, E. Xoplaki, P. A. Jiménez, and J. P. Montávez, 2010: North Atlantic atmospheric circulation and surface wind in the Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula: uncertainty and long term downscaled variability,
Clim. Dyn., DOI 10.1007/s00382-010-0969-x.
García-Bustamante et al. 2013
García-Bustamante, E., J. F. González-Rouco, J. Navarro, E. Xoplaki, J. Luterbacher, P. A. Jiménez, J. P. Montávez, A. Hidalgo, and E. L. Eceiza, 2013: Relationship between wind power production and North Atlantic atmospheric circulation over the northeastern Iberian Peninsula,
Clim. Dyn., 40, 935–949.
Garc&́#237;a-D&́#237;ez et al. 2015
Garc&́#237;a-D&́#237;ez, M., J. Fernández, and R. Vautard, 2015: An RCM multi-physics ensemble over Europe: Multi-variable evaluation to avoid error compensation,
Clim. Dyn., 45, 3141–3156, doi: 10.1007/s00382–015–2529–x.
Garc&́#305;a-Suárez and Butler 2006
Garc&́#305;a-Suárez, A. M., and C. J. Butler, 2006: Soil temperatures at Armagh observatory, Northern Ireland, from 1904 to 2002,
Int. J. Climatol, 26, 1075–1089.
García-Bustamante et al. 2008
García-Bustamante, E., J. F. González-Rouco, P. A. Jiménez, J. Navarro, and J. P. Montávez, 2008: The influence of the Weibull assumption in monthly wind energy estimation,
Wind Energy, 11(5), 483–502.
García-García et al. 2023
García-García, A., F. J. Cuesta-Valero, D. G. Miralles, M. D. Mahecha, J. Quaas, M. Reichstein, J. Zscheischler, and J. Peng, 2023: Soil heat extremes outpace their atmospheric counterpart,
Nature Cliimate Change, xx, xx–xx.
Garrido et al. 1996
Garrido, J., J. A. Garc&́#305;a, and V. L. Mateos, 1996: Homogeneidad y variabilidad natural de series largas de precipitación,
Anales de F&́#305;sica, 92, 19–31.
George and White 2020
George, S. St., and M. White, 2020: Boosting the signal,
Nature, 579, 621–622.
Gerber et al. 2003
Gerber, S., F. Joos, P. Bruegger, T. F. Stocker, M. E. Mann, S. Sitch, and M. Scholze, 2003: Constraining temperature variations over the last millennium by comparing simulated and observed atmospheric $CO_{2}$,
Clim. Dyn., 20, 281–299.
Giles 2006
Giles, J, 2006: US posts sensitive climate report for public comment,
Nature, 441, 6–7.
Giorgetta et al. 2013
Giorgetta, Marco A., J. Jungclaus, C. H. Reick, S. Legutke, J. Bader, M. Böttinger, V. Brovkin, T. Crueger, M. Esch, K. Fieg, K. Glushak, V. Gayler, H. Haak, H.-D. Hollweg, T. Ilyina, S. Kinne, L. Kornblueh, D. Matei, T. Mauritsen, U. Mikolajewicz, W. Mueller, D. Notz, F. Pithan, T. Raddatz, S. Rast, R. Redler, E. Roeckner, H. Schmidt, R. Schnur, J. Segschneider, K. D. Six, M. Stockhause, C. Timmreck, J. Wegner, H. Widmann, K.-H. Wieners, M. Claussen, J. Marotzke, and B. Stevens, 2013: Climate and carbon cycle changes from 1850 to 2100 in MPI-ESM simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5,
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 5(3), 572–597.
Giorgi et al. 2001
Giorgi, F., B. Hewitson, J. Christensen, M. Hulme, H. von Storch, P. Whetton, R. Jones, L. Mearns, and C. Fu, 2001: Regional climate information -evaluation and projections,
Houghton J and Y. Ding and D. J. Griggs and M. Noguer and P. J. van der Linden and X. Dai and K. Maskell and C. A. Johnson (eds.) Climate Change 2001: the scientific basis.
Cambridge University Press,
583-638.
Glahn 1968
Glahn, H., 1968: Canonical correlation and its relationship to discriminant analysis and multiple regression,
J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 23–31.
Glavovic et al. 2021
Glavovic, Bruce C., T. F. Smith, and I. White, 2021: The tragedy of climate change science,
Climate and Development, 0(0), 1–5.
Glecker et al. 2008
Glecker, P. J., K. E. Taylor, and C. Doutriaux, 2008: Performance metrics for climate models,
J. Geophys. Res., 113, D06104, doi:10.1029/2007JD008972.
Glowienka-Hense 1990
Glowienka-Hense, R., 1990: The North Atlantic Oscillation in the Atlantic-European SLP,
Tellus, 42A, 497–507.
Goddard 2014
Goddard, L., 2014: Heat hide and seek,
Nature Climate Change, 4, 158–161.
Goll et al. 2012
Goll, D. S., V. Brovkin, B. R. Parida, C. H. Reick, J. Kattge, P. B. Reich, P. M. van Bodegom, and U. Niinemets, 2012: Nutrient limitation reduces land carbon uptake in simulations with a model of combined carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling,
Biogeosciences, 9(9), 3547–3569.
Goll et al. 2015
Goll, Daniel S., V. Brovkin, J. Liski, T. Raddatz, T. Thum, and K. E. O. Todd-Brown, 2015: Strong dependence of CO2 emissions from anthropogenic land cover change on initial land cover and soil carbon parametrization,
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 29(9), 1511–1523.
Golovanova et al. 2001
Golovanova, I., R. N. Harris, G. V. Selezniova, and P. Stulc, 2001: Evidence of climatic warming in the southern Urals region derived from borehole temperatures and meteorological data,
Global and Planetary Change, 29, 167–188.
Gómez-Navarro et al. 2012
Gómez-Navarro, J. J., J. P. Montávez, P. Jiménez-Navarro, S. Jerez, R. Lorente-Plazas, J. F. González-Rouco, and E. Zorita, 2012: Internal and external variability in regional simulations of the Iberian Peninsula climate over the last millennium,
Clim. Past, 8, 25–36.
Gong and Wang 1999
Gong, D., and S. Wang, 1999: Definition of Antarctic oscillation index,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 459–462.
Gonzalez-Hidalgo et al. 2015
Gonzalez-Hidalgo, José Carlos, D. Peña-Angulo, M. Brunetti, and N. Cortesi, 2015: MOTEDAS: a new monthly temperature database for mainland Spain and the trend in temperature (1951–2010),
International Journal of Climatology, 35(15), 4444–4463.
Gonzalez-Hidalgo et al. 2016
Gonzalez-Hidalgo, José Carlos, D. Peña-Angulo, M. Brunetti, and N. Cortesi, 2016: Recent trend in temperature evolution in Spanish mainland (1951–2010): from warming to hiatus,
International Journal of Climatology, 36(6), 2405–2416.
González-Rouco et al. 2000
González-Rouco, J. F., H. Heyen, E. Zorita, and F. Valero, 2000: Agreement between rainfall trends and climate change simulations in the southwest of Europe,
J. Clim., 13, 3057–3065.
González-Rouco et al. 2001
González-Rouco, J. F., J. L. Jiménez, V. Quesada, and F. Valero, 2001: Quality control and homogeneity of precipitation data in the southwest of Europe,
J. Clim., 14, 964–978.
González-Rouco et al. 2003a
González-Rouco, J. F., H. von Storch, and E. Zorita, 2003a: Deep soil temperature as proxy for surface air-temperature in a coupled model simulation of the last thousand years,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2116–2119.
González-Rouco et al. 2003b
González-Rouco, J. F., E. Zorita, U. Cubasch, H. von Storch, I. Fisher-Bruns, F. Valero, J. P. Montavez, U. Schlese, and S. Legutke, 2003b: Simulating the climate since 1000 AD with the AOGCM ECHO-G,
ESA, SP 535, 329–338.
González-Rouco et al. 2006
González-Rouco, J. F., H. Beltrami, E. Zorita, and H. von Storch, 2006: Simulation and inversion of borehole temperature profiles in surrogate climates: Spatial distribution and surface coupling,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01703,doi:10.1029/2005GL024693.
González-Rouco et al. 2009
González-Rouco, J. F., H. Beltrami, E. Zorita, and B. Stevens, 2009: Borehole climatology: a discussion based on contributions from climate modelling,
Clim. Past, 5, 99–127.
González-Aparicio et al. 2017
González-Aparicio, I., F. Monforti, P. Volker, A. Zucker, F. Careri, T. Huld, and J. Badger, 2017: Simulating European wind power generation applying statistical downscaling to reanalysis data,
Applied Energy, 199, 155 – 168.
Goodess and Palutikof 1998
Goodess, C. M., and J. P. Palutikof, 1998: Development of daily rainfall scenarios for southeast Spain using a circulation-type approach to downscaling,
Int. J. Climatol., 10, 1051–1083.
Goodwin et al. 2004
Goodwin, I. D., T. D. van Ommen, m. A. J. Curran, and P. A. Mayewski, 2004: Mid latitude winter climate variability in the South Indian and southwest Pacific regions since 1300 AD,
Clim. Dyn., 22, 783–794, DOI: 10.1007/s00382–004–0403–3.
Goosse and Renssen 2005
Goosse, H., and H. Renssen, 2005: A simulated reduction in antarctic sea-ice area since 1750: implications of the long memory of the ocean,
Int. J. Climatol., 25, 569–579.
Goosse et al. 2005
Goosse, H., T. J. Crowley, E. Zorita, C. M. Ammann, H. Renssen, and E. Driesschaert, 2005: Modelling the climate of the last millennium: what causes the differences between simulations?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L06710.
Goosse et al. 2006a
Goosse, H., O. Arzel, J. Luterbacher, M. E. Mann, H. Renssen, N. Riedwyl, A. Timmermann, E. Xoplaki, and H. Wanner, 2006a: The origin of the European 'Medieval Warm Period',
Clim Past, 2, 99–113.
Goosse et al. 2006b
Goosse, H., H. Renssen, A. Timmermann, R. S. Bradley, and M. E. Mann, 2006b: Using paleoclimate proxy-data to select optimal realisations in an ensemble of simulations of the climate of the past millennium,
Clim. Dyn., 27, 165–184 DOI 10.1007/s00382–006–0128–6.
Goosse et al. 2010
Goosse, H., E. Crespin, A. de Montety, M. E. Mann, H. Renssen, and A. Timmermann, 2010: Reconstructing surface temperature changes over the past 600 years using climate model simulations with data assimilation,
J. Geophys. Res., 115, D09108, DOI: 10.1029/2009JD012737.
Goosse et al. 2012a
Goosse, H., J. Guiot, M. E. Mann, S. Dubinkina, and Y. Sallaz-Damaz, 2012a: The medieval climate anomaly in Europe: Comparison of the summer and annual mean signals in two reconstructions and in simulations with data assimilation,
Global and Planetary Change, 84-85, 35–47, DOI: 10.1016/gloplacha.2011.07.002.
Goosse et al. 2012b
Goosse, H., E. Crespin, S. Dubinkina, M. F. Loutre, M. E. Mann, H. Renssen, Y. Sallaz-Damaz, and D. Shindell, 2012b: The role of forcing and internal dynamics in explaining the 'Medieval Climate Anomaly',
Clim.Dyn., xxx, yyy–yyy, DOI: 10.1007/s00382–012–1297–0.
Gosnold et al. 1997
Gosnold, C., P. E. Todhunter, and W. Schmidt, 1997: The borehole temperature record of climate warming in the mid-continent of North America,
Glob. Planet. Change, 15, 33– 45.
Gosselin and Mareschal 2003
Gosselin, C., and J. C. Mareschal, 2003: Variations in ground surface temperature histories in the Thompson Belt, Manitoba, Canada: environment and climate changes,
Glob. Planet. Change, 39, 271– 284.
Goto et al. 2005
Goto, S., H. C. Kim, Y. Uchida, and Y. Okubo, 2005: Reconstruction of the ground surface temperature history from the borehole temperature data in the southeastern part of the Republic of Korea,
J. Geophys. Eng., 2, 312–319 doi:10.1088/1742–2132/2/4/S03.
Gouiran et al. 2007a
Gouiran, I., A. Moberg, and E. Zorita, 2007a: Climate variability in Scandinavia for the past millennium simulated by an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model,
Tellus, 59A, 30–49.
Gouiran et al. 2007b
Gouiran, I., V. Moron, and E. Zorita, 2007b: Teleconnections between ENSO and North Atlantic in an ECHO-g simulation of the 1000-1990 period,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06705, doi:10.1029/2006GL028852.
Graham et al. 2007
Graham, N. E., M. K. Hughes, C. M. Ammann, K. M. Cobb, M. P. Hoerling, D. J. Kennett, J. P. Kennett, B. Rein, L. Stott, P. E. Wigand, and T. Xu, 2007: Tropical Pacific – mid-latitude teleconnections in medieval times',
Climate Change, 83, 241–285, DOI: 10.1007/s10584–007–9239–2.
Graham et al. 2010
Graham, N. E., C. M. Ammann, D. Fleitmann, K. M. Cobb, and J. Luterbacher, 2010: Support for global climate reorganization during the 'Medieval Climate Anomaly',
Climate Dynamics, xxx, DOI: 10.1007/s00382–010–0914–z.
Grant and Leavenworth 1972
Grant, E. L., and R. S. Leavenworth, 1972: Statistical Quality Control.
New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Graybeal 2006
Graybeal, D. Y., 2006: Relationships among daily mean and maximun wind speeds, with application to data quality assurance,
Int. J. Climatol., 26, 29–43, doi:10.1002/joc.1237.
Griffies and Bryan 1997
Griffies, S. M., and K. Bryan, 1997: Predictability of North Atlantic multidecadal climate variabilty,
Science, 275, 181–184.
Grootes et al. 1993
Grootes, P. M., M. Stuiver, J. W. C. White, S. Hohnsen, and J. Jouzel, 1993: Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores,
Nature, 366, 552–554.
Guiot et al. 2010
Guiot, J., C. Corona, and P. ESCARSEL, 2010: Growing season temperatures in Europe and climate forcings over the past 1400 years,
PLoS ONE, 5(4), e9972. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009972.
Gulev et al. 2013
Gulev, S. K., P. W. Thorne, J. Ahn, F. J. Dentener, C. M. Domingues, S. Gerland, D. Gong, D. Kaufman, H. Nnamchi, J. Quaas, J. Rivera, S. Sathyendranath, S. L. Smith, B. Trewin, K. von Schuckmann, and R. S. Vose, 2013: Changing State of the Climate System. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Guo et al. 2006
Guo, Zhichang, P. A. Dirmeyer, R. D. Koster, Y. C. Sud, G. Bonan, K. W. Oleson, E. Chan, D. Verseghy, P. Cox, C. T. Gordon, J. L. McGregor, S. Kanae, E. Kowalczyk, D. Lawrence, P. Liu, D. Mocko, C.-H. Lu, K. Mitchell, S. Malyshev, B. McAvaney, T. Oki, T. Yamada, A. Pitman, C. M. Taylor, R. Vasic, and Y. Xue, 2006: GLACE: The Global Land-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment. Part II: Analysis,
Journal of Hydrometeorology, 7(4), 611–625.
Gutierrez et al. 2005a
Gutierrez, J. M., R. Cano, A. S. C. no, and C. Sordo, 2005a: Analysis and downscaling multi-model seasonal forecasts in Peru using self-organizing maps,
Tellus, 57, 435–447.
Gutierrez et al. 2005b
Gutierrez, J. M., A. S. C. no, R. Cano, and M. A. Rodr&́#305;guez, 2005b: Clustering methods for statistical downscaling in short-range weather forecasts,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2169–2183.
Gyalistras et al. 1994
Gyalistras, D., H. von Storch, A. Fischlin, and M. Beniston, 1994: Linking GCM-simulated climate changes to ecosystem models: case studies of statistical in the Alps,
Clim. Res., 4, 167–189.
Hagemann et al. 2013
Hagemann, S., A. Loew, and A. Andersson, 2013: Combined evaluation of MPI-ESM land surface water and energy fluxes,
J. Adv. Model. Earth Systems, 5, 259–286, DOI: 10.1029/2012MS000173.
Hagemann et al. 2016
Hagemann, S., T. Blome, A. Ekici, and C. Beer, 2016: Soil-frost-enabled soil-moisture-precipitation feedback over northern high latitudes,
Earth Syst. Dynam., 7, 611–625, doi:10.5194/esd–7–611–2016.
Hagemann et al. 2020
Hagemann, S., T. Stacke, and H. T. M. Ho-Hagemann, 2020: High Resolution Discharge Simulations Over Europe and the Baltic Sea Catchment,
Front. in Earth Sci., 8, 12, doi: 10.3389/feart.2020.00012.
Haigh 1999
Haigh, J. D., 1999: Modelling the impact of solar variability on climate,
Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 61, 63–72.
Halifa-Marín et al. 2021
Halifa-Marín, A., R. Lorente-Plazas, E. Pravia-Sarabia, J. P. Montávez, and P. Jiménez-Guerrero, 2021: Atlantic and Mediterranean influence promoting an abrupt change in winter precipitation over the southern Iberian Peninsula,
Atmosferic Research, 253, 105485, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105485.
Halifa-Marín1 et al. 2022
Halifa-Marín1, A., M. A. Torres-Vázquez, E. Pravia-Sarabia, M. Lemus-Canovas, P. Jiménez-Guerrero, and J. P. Montávez, 2022: A multivariate-driven approach for disentangling the reduction in near-natural Iberian water resources post-1980,
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4251–4263, doi: 10.5194/hess–26–4251–2022.
Hann 1890
Hann, J., 1890: Zur witterungsgeschichte von Nord-Groenland, westkueste,
Meteor. Z., 7, 109–115.
Hannachi et al. 2006
Hannachi, A., I. T. Holliffe, D. B. Stephenson, and N. Trendafilov, 2006: In search of simple structures in climate: simplifying EOFs,
Int. J. Climatol., 26, 7–28.
Hannachi et al. 2007
Hannachi, A., I. T. Holliffe, and D. B. Stephenson, 2007: Empirical orthogonal functions and related techniques in atmospheric science: a review,
Int. J. Climatol., 27, 1119–1152.
Hansen et al. 2005
Hansen, J., L. Nazarenko, R. Ruedy, M. Sato, J. Willis, A. del Genio, D. Koch, A. Lacis, K. Lo, S. Menon, T. Novakov, J. Perlwitz, G. Russell, G. A. Schmidt, and N. Tausnev, 2005: Earth's energy imbalance: confirmation and implications,
Science, 308, 1431–1435.
Hansen et al. 2010
Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, and K. Lo, 2010: Global surface temperature change,
Rev. Geophys., 48, RG4004.
Hansen et al. 2011
Hansen, J., M. Sato, P. Kharecha, and K. von Schuckmann, 2011: Earth's energy imbalance and implications,
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11(24), 13421–13449.
Hanssen-Bauer and F$\o$rland 1994
Hanssen-Bauer, I., and J. F$\o$rland, 1994: Homogenizing long norwegian precipitation series,
J. Clim., 7, 1001–1013.
Harari 2014
Harari, Y. N., 2014: Sapiens. A brief history of humankind.
MacClelland and Stewart. Random House Company. Penguin Random House.
Harris et al. 2020
Harris, I., T. J. Osborn, P. Jones, and D. Lister, 2020: Version 4 of the CRU TS monthly high-resolution gridded multivariate climate dataset,
Sci. Data, 7(109), doi:0.1038/s41597–020–0453–3.
Harris 2007
Harris, R. N., 2007: Variations in air ground temperature and the POM-SAT model: results from the Northern Hemisphere,
3, 611–621.
Harris and Chapman 1995
Harris, R. N., and D. S. Chapman, 1995: Climate change in the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah inferred from borehole temperatures.,
J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6367–6381.
Harris and Chapman 2001
Harris, R. N., and D. S. Chapman, 2001: Mid-Latitude (30-60 N) climatic warming inferred by combining borehole temperatures with surface air temperatures,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 747–750.
Harris and Gosnold 1999
Harris, R. N., and W. D. Gosnold, 1999: Comparisons of borehole temperature depth profiles and surface air temperatures in the northern plains of the USA,
138, 541–548.
Harrison 1989
Harrison, D. E., 1989: On climatological monthly wind stress and wind stress curl fields over the world ocean,
2, 57–70.
Harrison and Stephenson 2005
Harrison, R. G., and D. B. Stephenson, 2005: Empirical evidence for a nonlinear effect of galactic cosmis rays on clouds,
Proc. R. Soc. A., doi:10.1098/rspa.2005.1628.
Hartmann and Rath 2005
Hartmann, A., and V. Rath, 2005: Uncertainties and shortcomings of ground surface temperature histories derived from inversion of temperature logs,
J. Geophys. Engg., 2, 299–311, doi:10.1088/1742–2132/2/4/S02.
Hartmann et al. 2013
Hartmann, D. L., A. M. G. K. Tank, M. Rusticucci, L. V. Alexander, S. Brönnimann, Y. Charabi, F. Dentener, E. J. Dlugokencky, D. R. Easterling, A. Kaplan, B. J. Soden, P. W. Thorne, M. Wild, and P. M. Zhai, 2013: Observations:Atmosphere and Surface. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Hasanean 2001
Hasanean, H. M., 2001: Fluctuations of surface air temperature in the Eastern Mediterranean,
Theor. Appl. Climatol., 68, 75–87.
Hasanean 2004
Hasanean, H. M., 2004: Wintertime surface temperature in Egypt in relation to the associated atmospheric circulation,
Int. J. Climatol., 24, 985–999.
Hasanean 2005
Hasanean, H. M., 2005: Variability of teleconnections between the Atlantic subtropical high and the Indian monsoon low and related impacts on summer temperature over Egypt,
Atmos. Sci. Lett., 26, 1619–1634.
Hasanean and Basset 2006
Hasanean, H. M., and H. A. Basset, 2006: Variability of summer temperature over Egypt,
Int. J. Climatol., 26, 1619–1634.
Hasselman 1997
Hasselman, K., 1997: Climate-change research after Kyoto,
Nature, 390, 225–226.
Hawkings and Sutton 2007
Hawkings, E., and R. Sutton, 2007: Variability of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation described by three dimensional empirical orthogonal functions,
Clim. Dyn., 29, 745–762.
Hawkings and Sutton 2008a
Hawkings, E., and R. Sutton, 2008a: Potential predictability of rapid changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L11603.
Hawkings and Sutton 2008b
Hawkings, E., and R. Sutton, 2008b: Variability of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation described by three dimensional empirical orthogonal functions-Publisher's erratum,
Clim. Dyn., 30, 439.
Hawkings and Sutton 2009
Hawkings, E., and R. Sutton, 2009: The potential to narrow uncertainty in regional climate predictions,
Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 90(8), 1095–1107, DOI:10.1175/2009BAMS2607.1.
Haylock et al. 2008
Haylock, M. R., N. Hofstra, A. M. G. Klein Tank, E. J. Klok, P. D. Jones, and M. New, 2008: A European daily high-resolution gridded data set of surface temperature and precipitation for 1950–2006,
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 113(D20), n/a–n/a,
D20119.
Hegerl 1998
Hegerl, G. C., 1998: The past as guide to the future,
Nature, 392, 758–759.
Hegerl et al. 2003
Hegerl, G. C., T. J. Crowley, S. K. Baum, K. Y. Kim, and W. T. Hyde, 2003: Detection of volcanic, solar and greenhouse gas signals in paleo-reconstructions of Northern Hemispheric temperature,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1242, 10.1029/2002GL016635.
Hegerl et al. 2006
Hegerl, G. C., T. J. Crowley, W. T. Hyde, and D. J. Frame, 2006: Climate sensitivity constrained by temperature reconstrcutions over the past seven centuries,
Nature, 440, 1029–1032.
Hegerl et al. 2007a
Hegerl, G. C., T. J. Crowley, M. Allen, W. T. Hyde, H. N. Pollack, and J. S. E. Zorita, 2007a: Detection of human influence ona a new, validated 1500 year temperature reconstruction,
J. Clim., 20, 650–666.
Hegerl et al. 2007b
Hegerl, G. C., F. W. Zwiers, P. Braconnot, N. P. Gillett, Y. Luo, J. A. M. Orsini, N. Nicholls, J. E. Penner, and P. A. Stott, 2007b: Understanding and attributing climate change. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [S. Solomon and D. Qin and M. Manning and Z. Chen and M. Marquis and K. B. Averyt and M. Tignor and H. L. Miller (eds.)].
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Hegerl et al. 2011
Hegerl, G. C., J. Luterbacher, J. F. González-Rouco, S. Tett, T. Crowley, and E. Xoplaki, 2011: Influence of human and natural forcing on European seasonal temperatures,
Nature Geoscience, 4, 99–103, doi: 10.1038 / NGEO1057.
Heidkamp et al. 2018
Heidkamp, M., A. Chlond, and F. Ament, 2018: Closing the energy balance using a canopy heat capacity and storage concept – a physically based approach for the land component JSBACHv3.11,
Geoscientific Model Development, 11(8), 3465–3479.
Hellerman and Rosenstein 1983
Hellerman, S., and M. Rosenstein, 1983: Normal monthly wind stress over the world ocean with error estimates,
J. Phys. Oceanography, 13, 1093–1104.
Hermoso de Mendoza et al. 2020
Hermoso de Mendoza, I., H. Beltrami, A. H. MacDougall, and J.-C. Mareschal, 2020: Lower boundary conditions in land surface models - effects on the permafrost and the carbon pools: a case study with CLM4.5,
Geosci. Model. Dev., 13, 1663–1683,
DOI: 10.5194/gmd-13-1663-2020.
Hernández et al. 1991
Hernández, E., F. Mart&́#305;n, and F. Valero, 1991: State-space modelling for atmospheric pollution,
J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 793–811.
Hersbach et al. 2015
Hersbach, Hans, C. Peubey, A. Simmons, P. Berrisford, P. Poli, and D. Dee, 2015: ERA-20CM: a twentieth-century atmospheric model ensemble,
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 141(691), 2350–2375.
Hersbach et al. 2020
Hersbach, Hans, B. Bell, P. Berrisford, S. Hirahara, A. Horányi, J. Muñoz-Sabater, J. Nicolas, C. Peubey, R. Radu, D. Schepers, A. Simmons, C. Soci, S. Abdalla, X. Abellan, G. Balsamo, P. Bechtold, G. Biavati, J. Bidlot, M. Bonavita, G. De Chiara, P. Dahlgren, D. Dee, M. Diamantakis, R. Dragani, J. Flemming, R. Forbes, M. Fuentes, A. Geer, L. Haimberger, S. Healy, R. J. Hogan, E. Hólm, M. Janisková, S. Keeley, P. Laloyaux, P. Lopez, C. Lupu, G. Radnoti, P. de Rosnay, I. Rozum, F. Vamborg, S. Villaume, and J.-N. Thépaut, 2020: The ERA5 global reanalysis,
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146(730), 1999–2049.
Herweijer et al. 2007
Herweijer, C., R. Seager, E. R. Cook, and J. Emile-Geay, 2007: North American Droughts of the Last Millennium from a gridded network of tree-ring data,
J. Climate, 20, 1353–1376,
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI4042.1.
Hewitson and Crane 2002
Hewitson, B. C., and R. G. Crane, 2002: Self-organizing maps: applications to synoptic climatology,
Clim. Res., 22, 13–26.
Heyen and Dippner 1998
Heyen, H., and J. W. Dippner, 1998: Salinity variability in the German Bight in relation to climate variability,
Tellus, 50A, 545–556.
Heyen et al. 1996
Heyen, H., E. Zorita, and H. von Storch, 1996: Statistical downscaling of monthly mean North Atlantic air-pressure to sea level anomalies in the Baltic Sea,
Tellus, 48A, 312–323.
Hinkley 1971
Hinkley, D. V., 1971: Inference in two phase regression,
J. Amer. Stat. Assoc., 66, 736–743.
Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2019
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., D. Jacob, M. Taylor, T. G. Bolaños, M. Bindi, S. Brown, I. A. Camilloni, A. Diedhiou, R. Djalante, K. Ebi, F. Engelbrecht, J. Guiot, Y. Hijioka, S. Mehrotra, C. W. Hope, A. J. Payne, H.-O. Pörtner, S. I. Seneviratne, A. Thomas, R. Warren, and G. Zhou, 2019: The human imperative of stabilizing global climate change at 1.5 ºC,
Science, 365(6459), eaaw6974.
Hoerling et al. 2001
Hoerling, M. P., J. W. Hurrel, and T. Xu, 2001: Tropical origins for recent North Atlantic climate change,
Science, 292, 90–92.
Hofer et al. 2011
Hofer, D., C. C. Raible, and T. F. Stocker, 2011: Variations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in control and transient simulations of the last millennium,
Climate of the Past, 7(1), 133–150.
Holland and Bitz 2003
Holland, M. M., and C. M. Bitz, 2003: Polar amplification of climate change in coupled models,
Climate Dynamics, 21, 221–232, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382–003–0332–6.
Hopcroft et al. 2007
Hopcroft, P. O., K. Gallagher, and C. C. Pain, 2007: Inference of past climate from borehole temperature data using Bayesian Reversible Jump Markov chain Monte Carlo,
Geophys. J. Int., doi: 10.1111/j.1365–246X.2007.03596.x.
Hopcroft et al. 2023
Hopcroft, P. O., P. Valdes, B. N. Shuman, M. Toohey, and M. Sigl, 2023: Relative importance of forcings and feedbacks in the Holocene temperature conundrum,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 319(108322), doi: /10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108322.
Horel 1981
Horel, J. D., 1981: A rotated principal component analysis of the interannual variability of the Northern Hemisphere 500mb Height Field,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 2080–2092.
Houghton 2005
Houghton, J., 2005: Global warming,
Rep. Prog. Phys., 68, 1343–1403.
Hoyt and Schatten 1993
Hoyt, D. V., and K. H. Schatten, 1993: A discussion of plausible solar irradiance variations 1700-1992,
J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18895–18906, doi:10.1029/93JA01944.
Hu and Feng 2005
Hu, Q., and S. Feng, 2005: How have soil temperatures been affected by the surface temperature and precipitation in the Eurasian continent,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(L14711),
doi:10.1029/2005GL023469.
Hu and Wu 2004
Hu, Z-Z., and Z. Wu, 2004: The intensification and shift of the annual North Atlantic Oscillation in a global warming scenario simulation,
Tellus, 56A, 112–124.
Huang 2016
Huang, J., 2016: Effects of soil temperature and snow cover on the mortality of overwintering pupae of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae),
I. J. Biometeorol., 60, 977–989 DOI: 10.1007/s00484–015–1090–y.
Huang 2004
Huang, S., 2004: Merging information from different resources for new insights into climate change in the past and future,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L13205, 1–4, doi:10.1029/2004GL019781.
Huang 2006a
Huang, S., 2006a: 1851-2004 annual heat budget of the continental landmasses,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L04707, 1–4, doi:10.1029/2005GL025300.
Huang 2006b
Huang, S., 2006b: Land warming as part of global warming,
EOS, 87, 477–480.
Huang and Pollack 1998
Huang, S., and H. N. Pollack, 1998: Global Borehole Temperature Database for Climate Reconstruction,
IGBP PAGES/World Data Center-A for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series 1998-044. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. GR1.
Huang et al. 2000
Huang, S., H. N. Pollack, and P. Y. Shen, 2000: Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures,
Nature, 403, 756–758.
Huang et al. 2008
Huang, S. P., H. N. Pollack, and P. Y. Shen, 2008: A late Quaternary climate reconstruction based on borehole heat flux data, borehole temperature data, and the instrumental record,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13703, doi:10.1029/2008GL034187.
Huber and Knutti 2011
Huber, M., and R. Knutti, 2011: Anthropogenic and natural warming inferred from changes in the Earth's energy balance,
Nature Geosciences, 5(31-36, doi:10.1038/NGEO1327).
Hughes and Amman 2009
Hughes, M. K., and C. M. Amman, 2009: The future of the past - an earth system framework for high resolution paleoclimatology: editorial essay,
Clim. Change, 94(247-259, DOI 10.1007/s10584-009-9588-0).
Huijzer and Isarin 1997
Huijzer, A. S., and R. F. B. Isarin, 1997: The reconstruction of past climates using multi-proxy evidence: an example of the weichselian peniglacial in northwest and central Europe,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 16, 513–533.
Hurrell 1995
Hurrell, J. W., 1995: Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation,
Science, 269, 676–679.
Hurrell 1996
Hurrell, J. W., 1996: Influence of variations in extratropical wintertime teleconections on Northern Hemisphere temperature,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 665–668.
Hurrell and van Loon 1997
Hurrell, J. W., and H. van Loon, 1997: Decadal variations in climate associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation,
Clim. Change, 36, 301–326.
Hurtt et al. 2006
Hurtt, G. C., S. Frolking, M. G. Fearon, B. Moore, E. Shevliakova, S. Malyshev, S. W. Pacala, and R. A. Houghton, 2006: The underpinnings of land-use history: three centuries of global gridded land-use transitions, wood-harvest activity, and resulting secondary lands,
Global Change Biology, 12(7), 1208–1229.
Hurtt et al. 2009
Hurtt, G. C., L. P. Chini, S. Frolking, R. A. Betts, J. Feddema, G. Fischer, J. P. Fisk, K. Hibbard, R. A. Houghton, A. Janetos, C. D. Jones, G. Kindermann, T. Kinoshita, K. K. Goldewijk, K. Riahi, E. Shevliakova, S. Smith, E. Stehfest, A. Thomson, P. Thornton, D. P. van Vuuren, and Y. P. Wang, 2009: Harmonisation of global land-use scenarios for the period 1500–2100 for IPCC-AR5,
ILeaps, 7, 6–8.
Hurtt et al. 2011
Hurtt, G. C., L. P. Chini, S. Frolking, R. A. Betts, J. Feddema, G. Fischer, J. P. Fisk, K. Hibbard, R. A. Houghton, A. Janetos, C. D. Jones, G. Kindermann, T. Kinoshita, K. K. Goldewijk, K. Riahi, E. Shevliakova, S. Smith, E. Stehfest, A. Thomson, P. Thornton, D. P. van Vuuren, and Y. P. Wang, 2011: Harmonization of land-use scenarios for the period 1500–2100: 600 years of global gridded annual land-use transitions, wood harvest, and resulting secondary lands,
Climatic Change, 109, 117–161.
Huth 1999
Huth, R., 1999: Statistical downscaling in central Europe: evaluation of methods and potential predictors,
Clim. Res., 13, 91–101.
Huth 2002
Huth, R., 2002: Statistical downscaling of daily temperature in central Europe,
J. Clim., 15, 1731–1742.
Huth 2004
Huth, R., 2004: Sensitivity of local daily temperature change estimates to the selection of downscaling models and predictors.,
J. Clim., 17, 640–652.
Huybers 2005
Huybers, P., 2005: Comment on 'Hockey sticks, principal components and spurious significance' by S. McIntyre and R. McKitrick,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20705.
Idso and Idso 2002
Idso, S. B., and K. E. Idso, 2002: The medieval warm period and little ice age: their untimely demise and welcome resurrection,
C02-science, 5, 13.
Ilyina et al. 2013
Ilyina, Tatiana, K. D. Six, J. Segschneider, E. Maier-Reimer, H. Li, and I. Núñez-Riboni, 2013: Global ocean biogeochemistry model HAMOCC: Model architecture and performance as component of the MPI-Earth system model in different CMIP5 experimental realizations,
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 5(2), 287–315.
Indermuehle et al. 1999a
Indermuehle, A., B. Stauffer, T. F. Stocker, D. Raynaud, and J. M. Barnola, 1999a: Early Holocene atmospheric co2 concentrations,
Science, 286, 1815.
Indermuehle et al. 1999b
Indermuehle, A., T. F. Stocker, F. Joos, H. Fischer, H. J. Smith, M. Wahlen, B. Deck, D. Mastroianni, J. Tschumi, T. B. andR. Meyer, and B. Stauffer, 1999b: Holocene carbon-cycle dynamics based on CO2 trapped in ice at Taylor Dome, Antarctica,
Nature, 398, 121–126.
Inman 2008
Inman, M., 2008: Carbon is forever,
Nature Climate Change, 1, 156–158.
Ivchenko et al. 2006
Ivchenko, V. O., N. C. Wells, and D. L. Aleynik, 2006: Anmaly of heat content in the northern Atlantic in the last 7 years: is the ocean warming or cooling?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L22606, doi:10.1029/2006GL027691.
J. et al. 1992
Houghton J., B.A. Callendar and S.K. Varney (Eds.), 1992: Climate Change: the Supplemntary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assesment,
Cambridge University Press.
J. et al. 1995
Houghton J., L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg and K. Maskell (Eds.), 1995: Climate Change, 1995: The Science of Climate Change,
Cambridge University Press.
J. et al. 2001
Houghton J., Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell and C. A. Johnson (Eds.), 2001: Climate Change, 2001: The scientific basis. Contribution of Working Group I to Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.,
Cambridge University Press.
Jacob et al. 2007
Jacob, D., L. Bärring, O. B. Christensen, J. H. Christensen, M. de Castro, M. Déqué, F. Giorgi, S. Hagemann, M. Hirschi, R. Jones, E. Kjellström, G. Lenderink, B. Rockel, E. Sánchez, C. Schär, S. I. Seneviratne, S. Somot, A. van Ulden, and B. van den Hurk, 2007: An inter-comparison of regional climate models for Europe: model performance in present-day climate,
Climatic Change, 81(1), 31–52.
Jacob et al. 2014
Jacob, D., J. Petersen, B. Eggert, A. Alias, O. B. Christensen, L. M. Bouwer, A. Braun, A. Colette, M. Déqué, G. Georgievski, E. Georgopoulou, A. Gobiet, L. Menut, G. Nikulin, A. Haensler, N. Hempelmann, C. Jones, K. Keuler, S. Kovats, N. Kröner, S. Kotlarski, A. Kriegsmann, E. Martin, E. van Meijgaard, C. Moseley, S. Pfeifer, S. Preuschmann, C. Radermacher, K. Radtke, D. Rechid, M. Rounsevell, P. Samuelsson, S. Somot, J. F. Soussana, C. Teichmann, R. Valentini, R. Vautard, B. Weber, and P. Yiou, 2014: EURO-CORDEX: new high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research,
Regional Environmental Change, 14(2), 563–578.
Jansen et al. 2007
Jansen, E., J. Overpeck, K. R. Briffa, J. C. Duplessy, V. Masson-Delmontte, D. Olago, B. Otto-Bliesner, W. R. Peltier, S. Rahmstorf, R. Ramesh, D. Raynaud, D. Rind, O. Solomina, R. Villalba, and D. Zhang, 2007: Paleoclimate. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [S. Solomon and D. Qin and M. Manning and Z. Chen and M. Marquis and K. B. Averyt and M. Tignor and H. L. Miller (eds.)].
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Jiménez et al. 2008
Jiménez, P. A., J. F. González-Rouco, J. P. Montávez, E. García-Bustamante, and J. Navarro, 2008: Climatology of wind patterns in the Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula,
International Journal of Climatology, 29, 501–525,
DOI: 10.1002/joc.1705.
Jiménez et al. 2010a
Jiménez, P. A., J. F. González-Rouco, J.Navarro, J. P. Montávez, and E. García-Bustamante, 2010a: Quality assurance of surface wind observations from automated weather stations,
J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 27, 1101–1122.
Jiménez et al. 2010b
Jiménez, P. A., J. F. González-Rouco, E. García-Bustamante, J. Navarro, J. P. Montávez, J. V.-G. de Arellano, J. Dudhia, and A. Roldan, 2010b: Surface wind regionalization over complex terrain: evaluation and analysis of a high resolution WRF,
J. Appl. Meteor. Clim., 49, 268–287.
Jiménez et al. 2013
Jiménez, PedroA., J. González-Rouco, J. Montávez, E. Garc&́#305;a-Bustamante, J. Navarro, and J. Dudhia, 2013: Analysis of the long-term surface wind variability over complex terrain using a high spatial resolution WRF simulation,
Climate Dynamics, 40(7-8), 1643–1656.
Jiménez-Guerrero et al. 2013
Jiménez-Guerrero, P., J. P. Montávez, M. Dom&́#305;nguez, R. Romera, L. Fita, J. Fernández, W. D. Cabos, G. Liguori, and M. A. Gaertner, 2013: Mean fields and interannual variability in RCM simulations over Spain: the ESCENA project,
Clim. Res., 57, 201–220, doi: 10.3354/cr01165.
Jolliffe 1987
Jolliffe, I. T., 1987: Rotation of principal components: some comments,
J. Climatol., 7, 507–510.
Jolliffe et al. 2002
Jolliffe, I. T., M. Udin, and S. K. Vines, 2002: Simplified EOFs—three alternatives to rotation,
Climate Research, 20, 271–279.
Jones et al. 1994
Jones, A., D. L. Roberts, and A. Slingo, 1994: A climate model study of the indirect radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulphate aerosols,
Nature, 370, 450–453.
Jones and Widmann 2003
Jones, J, and M. Widmann, 2003: Instrument and tree ring based estimates of the Antarctic Oscillation,
J. Climate, 16, 3511–3524.
Jones and Widmann 2004
Jones, J, and M. Widmann, 2004: Early peak in Antarctic Oscillation Index,
Nature, 432, 290–291.
Jones et al. 2009
Jones, J M., R. L. Fogt, M. Widmann, G. Marshall, P. Jones, and M. Visbeck, 2009: Historical SAM variability. Part I: century-length seasonal reconstructions,
J. Climate, 22, 5319–5345.
Jones et al. 1986a
Jones, P., B. Raper, R. S. Bradley, H. F. Diaz, P. M. Kelly, and T. M. L. Wigley, 1986a: Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature variations: 1851-1984,
J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 25, 161–179.
Jones 1987
Jones, P. D., 1987: The early twentieth century Arctic high, fact or fiction?,
Clim. Dynam., 1, 63–65.
Jones 1998
Jones, P. D., 1998: It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,
Science, 280, 544–545.
Jones and Mann 2004
Jones, P. D., and M. Mann, 2004: Climate over past millennia,
Rev. Geophys., 42, 1–42 RG2002, doi: 10.1029/2003RG000143.
Jones and Wigley 1988
Jones, P. D., and T. M. L. Wigley, 1988: Antarctic gridded sea level pressure data: an analysis and reconstruction back to 1957,
J. Climate, 1, 1199–1220.
Jones et al. 1986b
Jones, P. D., B. Raper, and T. M. L. Wigley, 1986b: Southern Hemisphere surface air temperature variations: 1851-1984,
J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 25, 1213–1230.
Jones et al. 1997
Jones, P. D., T. Jonsson, and D. Wheeler, 1997: Extension of the North Atlantic Oscillation using early instrumental pressure observations from Gibraltar and South-West Iceland,
Int. J. Climatol., 17, 1433–1450.
Jones et al. 1998
Jones, P. D., K. R. Briffa, T. P. Barnett, and S. F. B. Tett, 1998: High-resolution paleoclimatic records for the last millennium: interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperatures,
The Holocene, 8, 455–471.
Jones et al. 1999
Jones, P. D., T. D. Davies, D. H. Lister, V. Slonosky, T. Jonsson, L. Barring, P. Jonsson, P. Maheras, F. Kolyva-Machera, M. Barriendos, J. Martin-Vide, R. Rodriguez, M. J. Alcoforado, H. Wanner, C. Pfister, J. Luterbacher, R. Rickly, E. Schuepbach, E. Kaas, T. Schmith, J. Jacobeit, and C. Beck, 1999: Monthly Mean Pressure reconstructions for Europe for the 1780-1995 period,
Int. J. Climatol., 19, 347–364.
Jones et al. 2001
Jones, P. D., T. J. Osborn, and K. R. Briffa, 2001: The evolution of climate over the last millenium,
Science, 292, 662–667.
Jones et al. 2003
Jones, P. D., K. R. Briffa, and T. J. Osborn, 2003: Changes in the Northern Hemisphere annual cycle: implications for paleoclimatology?,
J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4588, 10.1029/2003JD003695.
Jones et al. 2010
Jones, P. D., D. H. Lister, T. J. Osborn, C. Harpham, M. Salmon, and C. P. Morice, 2010: Hemispheric and large-scale land-surface air temperature variations: an extensive revision and an update to 2010,
J. Geopys. Res. Atmosph.., 117, DO5127.
Joos and Spahni 2008
Joos, F., and R. Spahni, 2008: Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20000 years,
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 105, 1425–1430.
Juckes et al. 2007
Juckes, M. N., M. R. Allen, K. R. Briffa, J. Esper, G. C. Hegerl, A. Moberg, T. J. Osborn, S. L. Weber, and E. Zorita, 2007: Millennial temperature reconstruction intercomparison and evaluation,
Clim. Past. Discuss., 2, 1001–1049.
Jungclaus et al. 2005
Jungclaus, J. H., H. Haak, M. Latif, and U. Mikolajewicz, 2005: Arctic-North Atlantic interactions and multidecadal variability of the Meridional Overturning circulation,
J. Climate, 18, 4013–4014.
Jungclaus et al. 2010
Jungclaus, J. H., S. Lorentz, C. Timmreck, C. H. Reick, V. Brovkin, K. Six, J. Segschneider, M. A. Giorgetta, T. J. Crowley, J. Pongratz, N. A. Krivova, L. E. Vieira, S. K. Solanki, D. Klocke, M. Botzet, M. Esch, V. Gayler, H. Haak, T. J. Raddatz, E. Roeckner, R. Schnur, H. Widmann, M. Claussen, B. Stevens, and J. Marotzke, 2010: Climate and carbon-cycle variability over the last millennium,
Clim. Past, 6, 723–737, doi: 10.5194/cp–6–723–2010.
Jungclaus et al. 2013
Jungclaus, J. H., N. Fischer, H. Haak, K. Lohmann, J. Marotzke, D. Matei, U. Mikolajewicz, D. Notz, and J. S. von Storch, 2013: Characteristics of the ocean simulations in the Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPIOM) the ocean component of the MPI-Earth system model,
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 5(2), 422–446.
Jungclaus et al. 2017
Jungclaus, J. H., E. Bard, M. Baroni, P. Braconnot, J. Cao, L. P. Chini, T. Egorova, M. Evans, J. F. González-Rouco, H. Goosse, G. C. Hurtt, F. Joos, J. O. Kaplan, M. Khodri, K. Klein Goldewijk, N. Krivova, A. N. LeGrande, S. J. Lorenz, J. Luterbacher, W. Man, A. C. Maycock, M. Meinshausen, A. Moberg, R. Muscheler, C. Nehrbass-Ahles, B. I. Otto-Bliesner, S. J. Phipps, J. Pongratz, E. Rozanov, G. A. Schmidt, H. Schmidt, W. Schmutz, A. Schurer, A. I. Shapiro, M. Sigl, J. E. Smerdon, S. K. Solanki, C. Timmreck, M. Toohey, I. G. Usoskin, S. Wagner, C.-J. Wu, K. L. Yeo, D. Zanchettin, Q. Zhang, and E. Zorita, 2017: The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 3: The last millennium, scientific objective, and experimental design for the PMIP4 past1000 simulations,
Geoscientific Model Development, 10(11), 4005–4033.
Junker and Liousse 2008
Junker, C., and C. Liousse, 2008: A global emission inventory of carbonaceous aerosol from historic records of fossil fuel and biofuel comsuption for the period 1860-1997,
Atmosph. Chem. Phys., 8, 1195–1207.
Kaas et al. 1996
Kaas, E., T. S. Li, and T. Schmith, 1996: Statistical hindcast of wind climatology in the North Atlantic and northwestern European region,
Clim. Res., 7, 97–110.
Kageyama et al. 2006
Kageyama, M., A. Laîné, A. Abe-Ouchi, P. Braconnot, E. Cortijo, M. Crucifix, A. de Vernal, J. Guiot, C. D. Hewitt, A. Kitoh, M. Kucera, O. Marti, R. Ohgaito, B. Otto-Bliesner, W. R. Peltier, A. Rosell-Melé, G. Vettoretti, S. L. Weber, Y. Yu, and M. P. members, 2006: Last Glacial Maximum temperatures over the North Atlantic, Europe and western Siberia: a comparison between PMIP models, MARGO sea-surface temperatures and pollen-based reconstructions,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 25, 2082–2102.
Kalnay 1996
Kalnay, E., 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project,
Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 77, 437–471.
Kalnicky 1987
Kalnicky, R. A., 1987: Seasons, singularities and climate changes over the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during 1899-1969,
J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 26, 1496–1510.
Kalstein et al. 1987
Kalstein, L. S., G. Tan, and J. A. Skindlov, 1987: An evaluation of three clustering procedures for use in synoptic climatological classification,
J. Clim. Appl. Meteor, 26, 717–730.
Kanzow et al. 2007
Kanzow, T., S. A. Cunningham, D. Rayner, J. J.-M. Hirschi, W. E. Johns, M. O. Baringer, H. L. Bryden, L. M. Beal, C. S. Meinen, and J. Marotzke, 2007: Observed Flow Compensation Associated with the MOC at 26.5 N in the Atlantic,
Science, 317, 938–941.
Kaplan et al. 2009
Kaplan, J. O., K. M. Krumhardt, and N. Zimmermann, 2009: The prehistoric and preindustrial deforestation of Europe,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 28, 3016–3034, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.09.028.
Kaplan et al. 2011
Kaplan, J. O., K. M. Krumhardt, E. C. Ellis, W. F. Ruddiman, C. Lemmen, and K. K. Goldewijk, 2011: Holocene carbon emissions as a result of anthropogenic land cover change.,
Holocene, 21, 775–791, doi: 10.1177/09596683610386983.
Karl and Williams 1987
Karl, T. R., and C. N. Williams, 1987: An approach to adjusting climatological time series for discontinuous inhomogeneities,
J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 26, 1744–1763.
Karnauskas et al. 2009
Karnauskas, K. B., R. Seager, A. Kaplan, Y. Kushnir, and M. A. Cane, 2009: Observed strengthening of the Zonal Sea Surface Temperature Gradient across the Equatorial Pacific Ocean,
J. Climate, 22, 4316–4321.
Kaufman et al. 2009
Kaufman, D. S., D. P. Schneider, N. P. McKay, C. M. Ammann, R. S. Bradley, K. R. Briffa, G. H. Miller, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, J. T. Overpeck, B. M. Vinther, and A. L. 2k Project Members, 2009: Recent warming reverses long-term Arctic cooling,
Science, 325, 1236–1239, DOI: 10.1126/science.1173983.
Kaufman et al. 2020
Kaufman, D. S., N. McKay, C. Routson, M. Erb, C. Dätwyler, P. S. Sommer, O. Heiri, and B. Davis, 2020: Holocene global mean surface temperature, a multi-method reconstruction approach,
Scientific Data, 7, 201.
Kausrud et al. 2007
Kausrud, K. L., H. Viljugrein, A. Frigessi, M. B. S. Davis, H. Leirs, V. Dubyanskiy, and N. C. Stenseth, 2007: Climate driven synchrony of gerbil populations allows large-scale plague outbreaks,
Proc. R. Soc. B, 274, 1963–1969.
Kavak-Akpinar and Akpinar 2005a
Kavak-Akpinar, E., and S. Akpinar, 2005a: An assessment on seasonal analysis of wind energy characteristics and wind turbine characteristics,
Energy Conversion and Management, 46, 1848–1867.
Kavak-Akpinar and Akpinar 2005b
Kavak-Akpinar, E., and S. Akpinar, 2005b: A statistical analysis of wind speed data used in installation of wind energy conversion systems,
Energy Conversion and Management, 46, 515–532.
Keenan 2006
Keenan, D. J., 2006: Grape harvest dates are poor indicators of summer warmth,
Theor. Appl. Climatol., 87, 255–256.
Keenlyside et al. 2008
Keenlyside, N. S., M. Latif, L. Kornblueh, and E. Roeckner, 2008: Advancing decadal-scale climate prediction in the North Atlantic sector,
Nature, 453, 84–88.
Keigwin and Pickart 1999
Keigwin, L. D., and R. S. Pickart, 1999: Slope water current over the Laurentian Fan on interannual to millennial time scales,
Science, 286, 520–523.
Kellman et al. 2006
Kellman, L., H. Beltrami, and D. Risk, 2006: Changes in seasonal soil respiration with pasture conversion to forest in Atlantic Canada,
Biogeochemistry, doi:10.1007/s10533–006–9056–0.
Kennedy and O'Hagan 2001
Kennedy, M. C., and A. O'Hagan, 2001: Bayesian calibration of computer models,
J. Roy. Stat. Soc., 63, 425–464.
Kerr 1997a
Kerr, R. A., 1997a: A case of mistaken identity?,
Science, 275, 754.
Kerr 1997b
Kerr, R. A., 1997b: A new driver for the Atlantic's moods and Europe's weather?,
Science, 275, 754–755.
Kerr 1998a
Kerr, R. A., 1998a: As the oceans switch, climate shifts,
Science, 281, 157.
Kerr 1998b
Kerr, R. A., 1998b: Warming's umpleasant surprise: shivering in the greenhouse?,
Science, 281, 156–158.
Kerr 1999
Kerr, R. A., 1999: A new force in high latitude climate,
Science, 284, 241–242.
Kerr 2008
Kerr, R. A., 2008: Chinese cave speaks of a fickle sun bringing down ancient dynasties,
Science, 322, 837–838.
Kidson 1988
Kidson, J. W., 1988: Interannual variations in the Southern Hemisphere circulation,
J. Climate, 1, 1177–1198.
Kidson and Trenberth 1988
Kidson, J. W., and K. E. Trenberth, 1988: Effects of missing data on estimates of monthly mean general circulation statistics,
J. Climate, 1, 1261–1275.
Kilbourne et al. 2004a
Kilbourne, K. H., T. M. Quinn, F. W. Taylor, T. Delcroix, and Y. Gouriou, 2004a: El Nino-Southern-Oscillation related salinity variations recorded in the skeletal geochemistry ofa Porites coral from Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu,
Paleoceanography, 19, PA4002, doi: 10.1029/2004PA001033.
Kilbourne et al. 2004b
Kilbourne, K. H., T. M. Quinn, and F. W. Taylor, 2004b: A fossil coral perspective on western tropical Pacific climate 350 ka,
Paleoceanography, 19, PA1019, doi: 10.1029/2003PA000944.
Kilbourne et al. 2007
Kilbourne, K. H., T. M. Quinn, T. P. Guilderson, R. S. Webb, and F. W. Taylor, 2007: Decadal to interannual scale source water variations in the Caribbean Sea recorded by Puerto Rican coral radiocarbon,
Clim. Dyn., 29, 51–62, DOI: 10.1007/s00382–007–0224–2.
Kilbourne et al. 2008
Kilbourne, K. H., T. M. Quinn, R. S. Webb, T. Guilderson, J. Nyberg, and A. Winter, 2008: Paleoclimate proxy perspective on Caribbean climate since the year 1751: evidence of cooler temperatures and multidecadal variability,
Paleoceanography, 23, PA3220, DOI: 10.1029/2008PA001598.
Kim et al. 1984
Kim, J. W., J. T. Chang, N. L. Baker, D. S. Wilks, and W. L. Gates, 1984: The statistical problem of climate inversion: determination of the relationship between local and large-scale climate.,
Mon. Weather Rev., 112, 2069–2077.
Kim and Raible 2021
Kim, W. M., and C. C. Raible, 2021: Dynamics of the Mediterranean droughts from 850 to 2099 CE in the Community Earth System Model,
Climate of the Past, 17(2), 887–911.
Kim et al. 2021
Kim, W. M., R. Blender, M. Sigl, M. Messmer, and C. C. Raible, 2021: Statistical characteristics of extreme daily precipitation during 1501 BCE–1849 CE in the Community Earth System Model,
Climate of the Past, 17(5), 2031–2053.
Klein Goldewijk et al. 2011
Klein Goldewijk, Kees, A. Beusen, G. van Drecht, and M. de Vos, 2011: The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years,
Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20(1), 73–86.
Knutti et al. 2017
Knutti, R., M. A. A. Rugenstein, and G. C. Hegerl, 2017: Beyond equilibrium climate sensitivity,
Nature Geoscience, 10, 727–744, DOI: 10.1038/NGEO3017.
Koenigk et al. 2020
Koenigk, T., J. Key, and T. Vihma, 2020: Physics and Chemistry of the Arctic Atmosphere,
Springer Nature Switzerland AG,
DOI: 10.1175/JHM510.1,
Chap. 11, Climate change in the Arctic, pages 673–705.
Kohl 1998
Kohl, T., 1998: Paleoclimatic temperature signals- can they be washed out?,
Tectonophysics, 291, 225–234.
Kohl 1999
Kohl, T., 1999: Transient thermal effects bellow complex topographies,
Tectonophysics, 306, 311–324.
Kohler et al. 2010
Kohler, P., R. Bintanja, H. Fischer, F. Joos, R. Knutti, G. Lohmann, and V. Masson-Delmotte, 2010: What caused Earth's temperature varaiations during the last 800000 years? Data based evidence on radiative forcing and constraints on climate sensitivity.,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 29, 129–145.
Koslowski and Glaser 1999
Koslowski, G., and R. Glaser, 1999: Variations in reconstructed ice winter severity in the western Baltic from 1501 to 1995, and their implications for the North Atlantic Oscillation,
Clim. Change, 41, 175–191.
Koster et al. 2006
Koster, Randal D., Y. C. Sud, Z. Guo, P. A. Dirmeyer, G. Bonan, K. W. Oleson, E. Chan, D. Verseghy, P. Cox, H. Davies, E. Kowalczyk, C. T. Gordon, S. Kanae, D. Lawrence, P. Liu, D. Mocko, C.-H. Lu, K. Mitchell, S. Malyshev, B. McAvaney, T. Oki, T. Yamada, A. Pitman, C. M. Taylor, R. Vasic, and Y. Xue, 2006: GLACE: The Global Land-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment. Part I: Overview,
Journal of Hydrometeorology, 7(4), 590–610.
Kotlarski et al. 2014
Kotlarski, S., K. Keuler, O. B. Christensen, A. Colette, M. Déqué, A. Gobiet, K. Goergen, D. Jacob, D. Lüthi, E. van Meijgaard, G. Nikulin, C. Schär, C. Teichmann, R. Vautard, K. Warrach-Sagi, and V. Wulfmeyer, 2014: Regional climate modeling on European scales: a joint standard evaluation of the EURO-CORDEX RCM ensemble,
Geoscientific Model Development, 7(4), 1297–1333.
Kraehenmann et al. 2018
Kraehenmann, S., A. Walter, S. Brienen, F. Imbery, and A. Matzarakis3, 2018: High-resolution grids of hourly meteorological variables for Germany,
Theor. Appl. Climatol., 131, 899–926, doi 10.1007/s00704–016–2003–7.
Krinner et al. 2018
Krinner, G., C. Derksen, R. Essery, M. Flanner, S. Hagemann, M. Clark, A. Hall, H. Rott, C. Brutel-Vuilmet, H. Kim, C. B. Ménard, L. Mudryk, C. Thackeray, L. Wang, G. Arduini, G. Balsamo, P. Bartlett, J. Boike, A. Boone, F. Chéruy, J. Colin, M. Cuntz, Y. Dai, B. Decharme, J. Derry, A. Ducharne, E. Dutra, X. Fang, C. Fierz, J. Ghattas, Y. Gusev, V. Haverd, A. Kontu, M. Lafaysse, R. Law, D. Lawrence, W. Li, T. Marke, D. Marks, M. Ménégoz, O. Nasonova, T. Nitta, M. Niwano, J. Pomeroy, M. S. Raleigh, G. Schaedler, V. Semenov, T. G. Smirnova, T. Stacke, U. Strasser, S. Svenson, D. Turkov, T. Wang, N. Wever, H. Yuan, W. Zhou, and D. Zhu, 2018: ESM-SnowMIP: assessing snow models and quantifying snow-related climate feedbacks,
Geoscientific Model Development, 11(12), 5027–5049.
Krinner et al. 1997
Krinner, Gerhard, C. Genthon, and J. Jouzel, 1997: GCM analysis of local influences on ice core δ signals,
Geophysical Research Letters, 24(22), 2825–2828.
Krivova et al. 2007
Krivova, N. A., L. Balmaceda, and S. K. Solanki, 2007: Reconstruction of solar total irradiance since 1700 from the surface magnetic flux,
Astronomy and Astrophysics., 467, 335–346, doi:10.1051/0004–6361:20066725.
Kueppers et al. 2007
Kueppers, L. M., M. A. Snyder, and L. C. Sloan, 2007: Irrigation cooling effect: Regional climate forcing by land-use change,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L03703, doi:10.1029/2006GL028679.
Kuo et al. 1990
Kuo, C., C. Lindberg, and D. J. Thompson, 1990: Coherence stablished between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature,
Nature, 343, 709–713.
Kushner et al. 2001
Kushner, P. J., I. M. Held, and T. L. Delworth, 2001: Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation response to global warming,
J. Climate, 14, 2238–2249.
Kushnir 1999
Kushnir, Y., 1999: Europes winter prospects,
Nature, 398, 289–291.
Kushnir and Wallace 1989
Kushnir, Y., and J. M. Wallace, 1989: Low-frequency variability in the Northern Hemisphere winter: geographical distribution, structure and time-scale dependence,
J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3122–3142.
Kutzbach 1970
Kutzbach, J. E., 1970: Large scale features of monthly mean northern hemisphere anomaly maps of sea level pressure,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 708–716.
Lachenbruch and Marshall 1986
Lachenbruch, A. H., and B. V. Marshall, 1986: Changing climate: geothermal evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic,
Science, 234, 689–696.
Laird and Bell 2007
Laird, J. D., and R. E. Bell, 2007: Assessing the publication productivity annd impact of eminent geoscientist,
EOS, 88 (38), 370–371.
Lam et al. 2022
Lam, R., M. Willson, P. Wirnsberger, M. Fortunato, A. Pritzel, S. Ravuri, T. Ewalds, F. Alet, W. Hu, A. Merose, S. Hoyer, G. Holland, J. Stott, O. Vinyals, S. Mohamed, and P. Battaglia, 2022: GraphCast: Learning skillful medium-range global weather forecasting.,
ArXiv, DOI 10.48550/arXiv.2212.12794.
Lamarque et al. 2010
Lamarque, J.-F., T. C. Bond, V. Eyring, C. Granier, A. Heil, Z. Klimont, D. Lee, C. Liousse, A. Mieville, B. Owen, M. G. Schultz, D. Shindell, S. J. Smith, E. Stehfest, J. Van Aardenne, O. R. Cooper, M. Kainuma, N. Mahowald, J. R. McConnell, V. Naik, K. Riahi, and D. P. van Vuuren, 2010: Historical (1850 2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application,
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10(15), 7017–7039.
Lamb and Peppler 1987
Lamb, P. J., and R. Peppler, 1987: North Atlantic Oscillation: concept and application,
Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 68, 1218–1225.
Landberg et al. 2003
Landberg, Lars, L. Myllerup, O. Rathmann, E. L. Petersen, B. H. Jørgensen, J. Badger, and N. G. Mortensen, 2003: Wind Resource Estimation—An Overview,
Wind Energy, 6(3), 261–271.
Landrum et al. 2012
Landrum, L., B. L. Otto-Bliesner, E. R. Wahl, A. Conley, P. J. Lawrence, N. Rosenbloom, and H. Teng, 2012: Last millennium climate and its variability in CCSM4,
J. Climate, 26, 1085–1111.
Lane 1923
Lane, E. C., 1923: Geotherms of the Lake Superior Copper Country,
Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 34, 703–720.
Lanzante 1996
Lanzante, J. R., 1996: Resitstant, robust and non-parametric techniques for the analysis of climate data: theory and examples, including applications to historical radiosonde station data,
Int. J. Climatol., 16, 1197–1226.
Lara and Villalba 1993
Lara, A., and R. Villalba, 1993: A 3620-year temperature record from Fitzroya cupressoides tree rings in southern South America,
Science, 260, 1104–1106.
Lashof and Ahuja 1990
Lashof, D. A., and D. R. Ahuja, 1990: Relative contributions of greenhouse gas emissions to global warming,
Nature, 344, 529–531.
Laskar et al. 2004
Laskar, J., P. Robutel, F. Joutel, M. Gastineauu, A. C. M. Correia, and B. Levrard, 2004: A long term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth,
Astronomy and Astrophysics, 428, 261–285, 10.1051/0004–6361:20041335.
Latif and Barnett 1994
Latif, M., and T. Barnett, 1994: Causes of decadal climate variability in the North Pacific/North American Sector,
Science, 266, 634–637.
Latif et al. 2000
Latif, M., K. Arpe, and E. Roeckner, 2000: Oceanic control of decadal North Atlantic sea level pressure variability in winter,
Geophys. Res. Let., 27, 727–730.
Lau 1997
Lau, N. C., 1997: Interactions between global SST anomalies and the midlatitudes atmospheric circulation,
B. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 21–33.
Lavallée and Beltrami 2004
Lavallée, D., and H. Beltrami, 2004: Stochastic modeling of cliamtic variability in dendrochronology,
Geophys. Res. Let., 31, L15202, doi: 10.1029/2004GL020263.
Lawrence et al. 2008
Lawrence, D. M., A. G. Slater, V. E. Romanovsky, and D. J. Nicolsky, 2008: Sensitivity of a model projection of near-surface permafrost degradation to soil column depth and representation of soil organic matter,
J. Geophys. Res., 113, F02011, DOI:10.1029/2007JF000883.
Lawrence et al. 2011
Lawrence, D. M., K. W. Oleson, M. G. Flanner, P. E. Thornton, S. C. Swenson, P. J. Lawrence, X. Zeng, Z. L. Yang, S. Levis, K. Sakaguchi, G. B. Bonan, and A. G. Slater, 2011: Parameterization Improvements and Functional and Structural Advances in Version 4 of the Community Land Model,
J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 33, M03001, oi:10.1029/2005GL025080.
Lawrence et al. 2016
Lawrence, D. M., G. C. Hurtt, A. Arneth, V. Brovkin, K. V. Calvin, A. D. Jones, C. D. Jones, P. J. Lawrence, N. de Noblet-Ducoudré, J. Pongratz, S. I. Seneviratne, and E. Shevliakova, 2016: The Land Use Model Intercomparison Project (LUMIP) contribution to CMIP6: rationale and experimental design,
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2973–2998, DOI: 10.5194/gmd–9–2973–2016.
Lawrence et al. 2012
Lawrence, Peter J., J. J. Feddema, G. B. Bonan, G. A. Meehl, B. C. O’Neill, K. W. Oleson, S. Levis, D. M. Lawrence, E. Kluzek, K. Lindsay, and P. E. Thornton, 2012: Simulating the Biogeochemical and Biogeophysical Impacts of Transient Land Cover Change and Wood Harvest in the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) from 1850 to 2100,
Journal of Climate, 25(9), 3071–3095.
Lawrimore et al. 2011
Lawrimore, J. H., M. J. Menne, b. E. Gleason, C. N. Williams, D. B. Wuertz, R. S. Vose, and J. Rennie, 2011: An overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network monthly mean temperature data set, version 3.,
J. Geophys. Res., 116, D19121,doi:10.1029/2011JD016187.
Lean 2000
Lean, J., 2000: Evolution of the sun's spectral irradiance since the Maunder Minimum,
Geophys. Res. Let., 27, 2425–2428.
Lean et al. 1995
Lean, J., J. Beer, and R. Bradley, 1995: Reconstruction of solar irradiance since 1610: implications for climate change,
Geophys. Res. Let., 22, 3195–3198.
Lean et al. 2002
Lean, J., Y. Wang, and N. Sheeley, 2002: The effect of increasing solar activity on the sun's total and open magnetic flux during multiple cycles: implications for solar forcing of climate,
Geophys. Res. Let., 29, 2224.
Lean 2006
Lean, J. L., 2006: Comment on 'Estimated solar contribution to the global surface warming using the ACRIM TSI satellite composite' by Scafetta and B. J. West,
Geophys. Res. Let., 33, L15701,, doi:10.1029/2005GL025342.
Lean 2010
Lean, J. L., 2010: Cycles and trends in solar irradiance and climate,
Wires, 1, 111–122, doi:10.1002/wcc.018.
Lean and Rind 2008
Lean, J. L., and D. Rind, 2008: How natural and anthropogenic influences alter global and regional surface temperatures: 1889 to 2006,
Geophys. Res. Let., 35, L18701, doi:10.1029/2008GL034864.
Leclercq and Oerlemans 2011
Leclercq, P. W., and J. Oerlemans, 2011: Global and Hemispherical temperature reconstruction from glacier length fluctuations,
Climate Dynamics, xx, doi:10.1007/s00382–011–1145–7.
Lee et al. 2008
Lee, T. C. K., F. W. Zwiers, and M. Tsao, 2008: Evaluation of proxy based millennial reconstruction methods,
Clim. Dyn., 31, 263–281 DOI: 10.1007/s00382–007–0351–9.
Lehner et al. 2012
Lehner, F., C. C. Raible, and T. F. Stocker, 2012: Testing the robustness of a precipitation proxy-based North Atlantic Oscillation reconstruction,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 45, 85–94.
Lemke et al. 2007
Lemke, P., J. Ren, R. Alley, I. Allison, J. Carrasco, G. Flato, Y. Fujii, G. Kaser, P. Mote, R. Thomas, and T. Zhang, 2007: Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [S. Solomon and D. Qin and M. Manning and Z. Chen and M. Marquis and K. B. Averyt and M. Tignor and H. L. Miller (eds.)].
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Lenton et al. 2008
Lenton, T. M., H. Held, E. Kriegler, J. W. Hall, W. Lucht, S. Rahmstorf, and H. J. Schellnhuber, 2008: Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system,
PNAS, 105, 1786–1793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705414105.
Levitus et al. 2000
Levitus, S., J. Antonov, T. Boyer, and C. Stephens, 2000: Warming of the world ocean,
Science, 287, 2225–2228.
Levitus et al. 2001
Levitus, S., J. Antonov, J. Wang, T. L. Delworth, K. W. Dixon, and A. J. Broccoli, 2001: Anthropogenic warming of the Earth's climate system,
Science, 292, 267–270.
Levitus et al. 2005
Levitus, S., J. Antonov, and T. Boyer, 2005: Warming of the world ocean: 1955-2003,
Geophys. Res. Let., 32, L02604.
Levitus et al. 2009
Levitus, S., J. Antonov, T. Boyer, R. A. Locarnini, H. E. Garcia, and A. V. Mishonov, 2009: Global ocean heat content 1955–2008 in light of recently revealed instrumentation problems,
Geophys. Res. Let., 36, L07608, DOI: 10.1029/2008GL037155.
Levitus et al. 2012
Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, T. P. Boyer, O. K. Baranova, H. E. Garcia, R. A. Locarnini, A. V. Mishonov, J. R. Reagan, D. Seidov, E. S. Yarosh, and M. M. Zweng, 2012: World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0-2000 m), 1955-2010,
Geophysical Research Letters, 39(10).
Lewis and Wang 1998
Lewis, T. J., and K. Wang, 1998: Geothermal evidence for deforestation induced warming: implications for the climatic impact of land development,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 535–538.
Li et al. 2007a
Li, B., D. W. Nychka, and C. M. Ammann, 2007a: The 'hockey stick' and the 1990s: a statistical perspective on reconstructing hemispheric temperatures,
Tellus, doi:10.1111/j.1600–0870.2007.00270.x.
Li et al. 2010
Li, B., D. W. Nychka, and C. M. Ammann, 2010: The value of multiproxy reconstruction of past climate,
J. Amer. Stat. Assoc., 105, 883–895,doi:10.1198/jasa.2010.ap09379.
Li et al. 2007b
Li, H., A. Robock, and M. Wild, 2007b: Evaluation of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment soil moisture simulations for the second half of the twentieth century,
J. Geophys. Res., 112, D01606, doi:10.1029/2006JD007455.
Limpasuvan and Hartmann 1999
Limpasuvan, V., and D. L. Hartmann, 1999: Eddies and the annular modes of climate variability,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3133–3136.
Lin et al. 2023
Lin, L., H. von Storch, and X. Chen, 2023: The Stochastic Climate Model helps reveal the role of memory in internal variability in the Bohai and Yellow Sea,
Commun. Earth Environ., 4:347.
Lin et al. 2003
Lin, X., J. E. Smerdon, A. W. England, and H. N. Pollack, 2003: A model study of the effects of cclimatic precipitation changes on ground temperatures,
J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4230, doi:10.1029/2002JD002878.
Lindzen 1990
Lindzen, R. S., 1990: Some coolness concerning global warming,
Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc, 71, 288–299.
Linés 1970
Linés, A., 1970: Climates of Northern and Western Europe,
C Wallen (ed.). World Survey of Climatology, vol. 5,
Amsterdam-London-New York: Elsevier Publishing,
Chap. The Climate of the Iberian Peninsula, pages 195–239.
Liu et al. 2013
Liu, J., B. Wang, M. A. Cane, S. Y. Yim, and J. Y. Lee, 2013: Divergent global precipitation changes induced by natural versus anthropogenic forcing,
Nature, 493, 656–659.
Livezey and Chen 1983
Livezey, R. E., and W. Y. Chen, 1983: Statistical field significance and its determination by Monte Carlo techniques,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 46–59.
Livezey and Smith 1999
Livezey, R. E., and T. M. Smith, 1999: Considerations for use of the Barnett and Preisendorfer (1987) algorithm for canonical correlation analysis of climate variations,
J. Clim., 12, 303–307.
Ljungqvist 2010
Ljungqvist, F. C., 2010: A new reconstruction of temperature variability in the extra-tropical northern hemisphere during the last two millennia,
Geografiska Annaler, 92(A)3, 339–351.
Ljungqvist et al. 2012
Ljungqvist, F. C., P. J. Krusic, G. Brattstroem, and H. S. Sundqvist, 2012: Norhtern Hemisphere temperature patterns in the last 12 centuries,
Climate of the Past, 8, 227–249, doi:10.5194/cp–8–227–2012.
Lloyd and Bunn 2007
Lloyd, A. H., and A. G. Bunn, 2007: Responses of the circumpolar boreal forest to 20th century climate variability,
Env. Res. Lett., 2, 045013, DOI:10.1088/1748–9326/2/4/045013.
Lockwood and Owens 2011
Lockwood, M., and M. J. Owens, 2011: Centennial changes in the heliospheric magnetic field and open solar flux: the consensus view from geomagnetic data and cosmogenic isotopes and its implications,
J. Geophys. Res., 116, A04109, doi:10.1029/2010JA016220.
Loeb et al. 2012
Loeb, N. G., J. M. Lyman, G. C. Johnson, R. P. Allan, D. R. Doelling, T. Wong, B. J. soden, and G. L. stephens, 2012: Observed changes in top of the atmosphere radiation and upper ocean heating consistent within uncertainty,
Nature Geoscience, 5, 110–113, DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1375.
Loehle 2007
Loehle, C., 2007: A 2000-year global temperature reconstruction based on non-treering proxies,
Energy and Environment, 18, 1049–1058.
Loewe 1937
Loewe, F., 1937: A period of warm winters in western Greenland and the temperature seesaw between western Greenland and Europe,
Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 63, 365–371.
Loewe 1966
Loewe, F., 1966: The temperature seesaw between western Greenland and Europe,
Weather, 21, 241–246.
Longworth et al. 2011
Longworth, H., H. Bryden, and M. Baringer, 2011: Historical variability in Atlantic meridional baroclinic transport at 26.51 N from boundary dynamic height observations,
Deep-Sea ResearchII, 58, 1754–1767.
Lopera and Moreno 2014
Lopera, E., and C. Moreno, 2014: The uncertainties of climate change in Spanish daily newspapers: content analysis of press coverage from 2000 to 2010,
Journal of Science Communication, 01(2014)A02, 18.
Lorentz and Lohmann 2004
Lorentz, S. J., and G. Lohmann, 2004: Acceleration technique for Milankovitch type forcing in a coupled atmosphere-ocean circulation model: method and application for the Holocene,
Climate Dynamics, 23, 727–743, doi: 10.1007/s00382–004–0469–y.
Lorenz 1963
Lorenz, E., 1963: Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow,
J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 130–141.
Lorenz et al. 2006
Lorenz, S. J., J. H. Kim, N. Rimbu, R. R. Schneider, and G. Lohmann, 2006: Orbitally driven insolation forcing on Holocene climate trends: evidence from alkenone data and cliamte modeling,
Paleoceanography, 21, PA1002, doi:10.1029/2005PA001152.
Loulergue et al. 2008
Loulergue, L., A. Schilt, R. Spahni, V. Masson-Delmotte, T. Blunier, B. Lemieux, J.-M. Barnola, D. Raynaud, T. F. Stocker, and J. chappellaz, 2008: Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH4 over the past 80000 years,
Nature, 1453, 383–386.
Lucio et al. 2019
Lucio, E., J. F. González-Rouco, E. García-Bustamante, J. Navarro, and H. Beltrami, 2019: Multidecadal to centennial surface wintertime wind variability over Northeastern North America via statistical downscaling,
Clim. Dyn., 53, 41–66, DOI: 10.1007/s00382–018–4569–5.
Lund and Curry 2006
Lund, D. C., and W. Curry, 2006: Florida current surface temperature and salinity variability during the last millennium,
Paleoceanography, 21, doi:10.1029/2005PA001218.
Luterbacher et al. 1999
Luterbacher, J., C. Schmutz, D. Gyalistras, E. Xoplaki, and H. Wanner, 1999: Reconstruction of monthly NAO and EU indices back to AD 1675,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2745–2748.
Luterbacher et al. 2001
Luterbacher, J., R. Rickli, E. Xoplaki, C. Tinguely, C. Beck, C. Pfister, and H. Wanner, 2001: The Late Maunder Minimum (1675-1715)- A key period for studying decadal scale climatic change in Europe.,
Climate Change, 49, 441–462.
Luterbacher et al. 2002a
Luterbacher, J., E. Xoplaki, D. Dietrich, P. D. Jones, T. D. Davies, D. Portis, J. F. González-Rouco, H. von Storch, D. Gyalistras, C. Casty, and H. Wanner, 2002a: Extending North Atlantic Oscillation Reconstructions Back to 1500,
Atmos. Sci. Lett., 2, 114–124.
Luterbacher et al. 2002b
Luterbacher, J., E. Xoplaki, D. Dietrich, R. Rickli, J. Jacobeit, C. Beck, D. Gyalistras, C. Schmutz, and H. Wanner, 2002b: Reconstruction of sea level pressure fields over the Eastern North Atlantic and Europe back to 1500,
Clim. Dyn., 18, 545–561.
Luterbacher et al. 2004
Luterbacher, J., D. Dietrich, E. Xoplaki, M. Grosjean, and H. Wanner, 2004: European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends and extremes since 1500,
Science, 303, 1499–1503.
Lynch-Stieglitz 1999
Lynch-Stieglitz, J., 1999: A geostrophic transport estimate for the Florida Current from the oxygen isotope composition of benthic foraminifera,
Paleoceanography, 14, 360–373.
Lynch-Stieglitz 1994
Lynch-Stieglitz, M., 1994: The development and validation of a simple snow model for the GISS GCM,
J. Clim., 7, 1842–1855.
MacDougall et al. 2008
MacDougall, A. H., J. F. González-Rouco, M. B. Stevens, and H. Beltrami, 2008: Quantification of subsurface heat storage in a GCM simulation,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13702, doi:10.1029/2008GL034639.
MacDougall et al. 2010
MacDougall, A. H., H. Beltrami, J. F. González-Rouco, M. B. Stevens, and E. Bourlon, 2010: Comparison of observed and General Circulation Model derived continental sub-surface heat flux in the Northern Hemisphere,
J. Geophys. Res., 115, D12109, doi:10.1029/ 2009JD013170.
Mackey 2006
Mackey, D. A., 2006: Training peer reviewers,
Nature, 443, 880.
Madden 1976
Madden, R. A., 1976: Estimates of natural variability of time averaged sea level pressure,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 942–952.
Majorowicz et al. 1999
Majorowicz, J., J. Safanda, R. N. Harris, and W. R. Skinner, 1999: Large ground surface temperature changes of the last three centuries inferred from borehole temperatures in the Southern Canadian Prairies, Saskatchewan,
Glob. Planet. Change, 20, 227–241.
Majorowicz et al. 2002
Majorowicz, J., J. Safanda, and W. R. Skinner, 2002: East to west retardation in the onset of the recent warming across Canada inferred from inversions of temperature logs,
J. Geophys. Res., 47, 107, 2227, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000519.
Majorowicz et al. 2004
Majorowicz, J., J. Safanda, and W. R. Skinner, 2004: Past surface tempreature changes as derived from continental temperature logs - Canadian and some global examples of application of a new tool in climate change studies,
Advances in Geophysics, 47, 113–173, doi: 10.1016/S0065–2687(04)47003–4.
Manabe 2019
Manabe, S., 2019: Role of greenhouse gas in climate change,
Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 71(1), 1620078.
Mann 2004
Mann, M. E., 2004: On smoothing potentially non-stationary climate time series,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07214, doi: 10.1029/2004GL019569.
Mann 2007
Mann, M. E., 2007: Climate over the past two millennia,
Ann. Rev. Earth. Planet. Sci., 35, 111–136.
Mann and Hughes 2002
Mann, M. E., and M. K. Hughes, 2002: Tree ring chronologies and climate variability,
Science, 296, 848–849.
Mann and Jones 2003
Mann, M. E., and P. D. Jones, 2003: Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia,
Geophys. Res. Let., 30, 15, 1820, doi: 10.1029/2003GL017814.
Mann and Rutherford 2002
Mann, M. E., and S. Rutherford, 2002: Climate reconstructions using 'Pseudoproxies',
Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 10.1029/2001GL014554.
Mann and Schmidt 2003
Mann, M. E., and G. A. Schmidt, 2003: Ground vs. Surface air temperature trends: implications for borehole surface temperature reconstructions,
Geophys. Res. Let., 1, 1–1.
Mann et al. 1998
Mann, M. E., R. S. Bradley, and M. K. Hughes, 1998: Global-Scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries,
Nature, 392, 779–787.
Mann et al. 1999
Mann, M. E., R. S. Bradley, and M. K. Hughes, 1999: Northern Hemisphere Temperatures during the Past Millenium: inferences, uncertainties and limitations,
Geophys. Res. Let., 26, 759–762.
Mann et al. 2003a
Mann, M. E., S. Rutherford, R. S. Bradley, M. K. Hughes, and F. T. Keiming, 2003a: Optimal surface temperature reconstructions using terrestrial borehole data,
J. Geophys. Res., 108, 10.1029/202JD002532.
Mann et al. 2003b
Mann, M. E., C. Ammann, R. Bradley, K. Briffa, P. Jones, T. Osborn, , T. Crowley, M. Hughes, M. Oppenheimer, J. Overpeck, S. Rutherford, K. Trenberth, and T. Wigley, 2003b: Response to comments on 'On past temperatures and anomalous late-20th century warmth',
EOS, 84, 473.
Mann et al. 2004
Mann, M. E., R. S. Bradley, and M. K. Hughes, 2004: Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries (corrigendum),
Nature, 430, 105.
Mann et al. 2005
Mann, M. E., S. Rutherford, E. Wahl, and C. Amman, 2005: Testing the fidelity of methods used in proxy-based reconstructions of past climate,
J.Climate, 18, 4097–4107.
Mann et al. 2006
Mann, M. E., K. R. Briffa, P. D. Jones, T. Kiefer, C. Kull, and H. Wanner, 2006: Past millennia climate variability,
EOS, 87,47, 527.
Mann et al. 2007a
Mann, M. E., S. Rutherford, E. Wahl, and C. Ammann, 2007a: Reply to comment on 'Testing the Fidelity of Methods Used in Proxy-based Reconstructions of Past Climate' by Smerdon and Kaplan,
J. Climate, 20, 5671–5674.
Mann et al. 2007b
Mann, M. E., S. Rutherford, E. Wahl, and C. Ammann, 2007b: Reply to comments on 'Testing the Fidelity of Methods Used in Proxy-based Reconstructions of Past Climate' by Zorita et al.,
J. Climate, 20, doi: 10.115/JCLI4172.1, 3699–3703.
Mann et al. 2007c
Mann, M. E., S. Rutherford, E. Wahl, and C. Ammann, 2007c: Robustness of proxy-based climate field reconstruction methods,
J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12109, doi:10.10292006JD008272.
Mann et al. 2008
Mann, M. E., Z. Zhang, M. K. Hughes, R. S. Bradley, S. K. Miller, S. Rutherford, and F. Ni, 2008: Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia,
PNAS, 105, 13252–13257.
Mann et al. 2009a
Mann, M. E., Z. Zhang, S. Rutherford, R. S. Bradley, , M. K. Hughes, D. Shindell, C. Ammann, G. Faluvegi, and F. Ni, 2009a: Global signatures and dynamical origins of the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Climate Anomaly,
Science, 326, 1256–1260.
Mann et al. 2009b
Mann, M. E., R. S. Bradley, , and M. K. Hughes, 2009b: Reply to McIntyre and McKitrick: Proxy based reconstructions are robust,
PNAS, 106, E11.
Mann et al. 2012a
Mann, M. E., J. D. Fuentes, and S. Rutherford, 2012a: Reply to 'Tree rings and volcanic cooling' by Anchukaities et al,
Nature Geoscience, 5, 837–838, doi:10.1038/ngeo1646.
Mann et al. 2012b
Mann, M. E., J. D. Fuentes, and S. Rutherford, 2012b: Underestimation of volcanic cooling in tree-ring-based reconstructions of hemispheric temperatures,
Nature geoscience, 5, 202–205 doi: 10.1038/ngeo1394.
Manrique and Fernández-Cancio 2000
Manrique, E., and A. Fernández-Cancio, 2000: Extreme climatic events in dendroclimate reconstructins from Spain,
Climate Change, 44, 123–138.
Mareschal and Beltrami 1992
Mareschal, J. C., and H. Beltrami, 1992: Evidence for recent warming from perturbed thermal gradients: examples from eastern Canada,
Clim. Dyn., 6, 135–143.
Marks 1984
Marks, D. F., 1984: Investigating the paranormal,
Nature, 320, 119–124.
Marlon et al. 2008
Marlon, J. R., P. J. Bartlein1, C. Carcaillet, D. G. Gavin, S. P. Harrison, P. E. Higuera, F. Joos, M. J. Power, and I. C. Prentice, 2008: Climate and human influences on global biomass burning over the past two millennia,
Nature Geoscience, 1, 697–702.
Marotzke and Stone 1995
Marotzke, J., and P. H. Stone, 1995: Atmospheric transports, the thermohaline circulation, and flux adjustments in a simple coupled model,
J. Phys. Oceanography, 25, 1350–1364.
Marshall 2003
Marshall, G. J., 2003: Trends in the Southern Annular Mode from observations and reanalyses,
J. Climate, 16, 4134–4143.
Marshall et al. 1997
Marshall, J., Y. Kushnir, D. Battisti, J. Hurrel, and M. Visbeck, 1997: A white paper on Atlantic climate variability,
Copies available from http://www.geoid.mit.edu/ACCP/avehtml.html.
Marsicek et al. 2018
Marsicek, J., B. N. Shuman, P. J. Bartlein, S. L. Shafer, and S. Brewer, 2018: Reconciling divergent trends and millennial variations in Holocene temperatures.,
Nature, 554, 92–96.
Martin et al. 2022
Martin, M., E. Boakye, E. Boyd, W. Broadgate, M. Bustamante, J. Canadell, Z. Zhao, and et al, 2022: Ten new insights in climate science 2022,
Global Sustainability, 1–41, doi:10.1017/sus.2022.17.
Mart&́#305;n et al. 1997
Mart&́#305;n, M. L., M. Y. Luna, and F. Valero, 1997: Evidence for the role of the diabatic heating in sinoptic scale processes:a case study example,
Ann. Geophysicae, 15, 494–502.
Mart&́#305;n-Vide and Gómez 1999
Mart&́#305;n-Vide, J., and L. Gómez, 1999: Regionalization of peninsular Spain based on the length of dry spells,
Int. J. Climatol., 19, 537–555.
Martínez-Peña 2008
Martínez-Peña, F., 2008: Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes: Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,
Tesis doctoral.
Martínez-Peña et al. 2004
Martínez-Peña, F., A. Rubio-Sanchez, and R. S.-M. Fernandez, 2004: Modelización de producciones forestales no leñosas: aplicación a la fructificación de Boletus Edulis Bull.: Fr. en pinares de silvestre de Soria,
Cuad. Soc. Esp. Cien. For., 18, 85–90,
ISSN: 1575-2410.
Martínez-Peña et al. 2012a
Martínez-Peña, F., T. Agreda, B. Agueda, P. Ortega-Martínez, and L. M. Fernández-Toirán, 2012a: Edible sporocarp production by age class in a Scots pine stand in Northern Spain,
Mycorrhiza, 22, 167–174,
DOI 10.1007/s00572-011-0389-8.
Martínez-Peña et al. 2012b
Martínez-Peña, F., S. de Miguel, T. Pukkala, J. A. Bonet, P. Ortega-Martínez, J. Aldea, and J. M. de Aragón, 2012b: Yield models for ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in Pinus sylvestris forests with special focus on Boletus edulis and Lactarius group deliciosus,
Forest Ecology and Management, 282, 63–69.
Mason 1989
Mason, B. J., 1989: The greenhouse effect,
Contemporary PhysicsI, 30, 417–432.
Masson-Delmotte et al. 2013
Masson-Delmotte, V., M. Schulz, A. Abe-Ouchi, J. Beer, A. Ganopolski, J. F. González-Rouco, E. Jansen, K. Lambeck, J. Luterbacher, T. Naish, T. O. nad B. Otto-Bliesner, T. Quinn, R. Ramesh, M. Rojas, X. Shao, and A. Timmermann, 2013: Information from Paleoclimate Archives. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Masson-Delmotte et al. 2018
V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H. O. Poertner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Pean, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor and T. Waterfield (Eds.), 2018: Summary for Policymakers,
In: Global Warming of $1.5^{\circ} C$. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of $1.5^{\circ} C$ above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty.,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Matthes et al. 2017
Matthes, K., B. Funke, M. E. Andersson, L. Barnard, J. Beer, P. Charbonneau, M. A. Clilverd, T. Dudok de Wit, M. Haberreiter, A. Hendry, C. H. Jackman, M. Kretzschmar, T. Kruschke, M. Kunze, U. Langematz, D. R. Marsh, A. C. Maycock, S. Misios, C. J. Rodger, A. A. Scaife, A. Seppälä, M. Shangguan, M. Sinnhuber, K. Tourpali, I. Usoskin, M. van de Kamp, P. T. Verronen, and S. Versick, 2017: Solar forcing for CMIP6 (v3.2),
Geoscientific Model Development, 10(6), 2247–2302.
Matthews and Weaver 2010
Matthews, H. D., and A. J. Weaver, 2010: Committed climate warming,
Nature Climate Change, 3, 142–143.
Mayewski et al. 2009
Mayewski, P. A., M. P. Meredith, C. P. Summerhayes, J. Turner, A. worby, P. J. Barrett, G. Casassa, N. A. N. Bertler, T. Bracegirdle, A. C. N. Garabato, D. Bromwich, H. Campbell, G. S. Hamilton, W. B. Lyons, K. A. Maasch, S. Aoki, C. Xiao, and T. van Ommen, 2009: State of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean climate system,
Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1003, :10.1029/2007RG000231.
Mazón et al. 2022
Mazón, J., D. Pino, and M. Vinyoles, 2022: Is Declaring a Climate Emergency Enough to Stop Global Warming? Learning From the COVID-19 Pandemic,
Front. Clim., 4(848587).
McCartney 1997
McCartney, M., 1997: Is the ocean at the helm?,
Nature, 389, 521–522.
McConnell et al. 2020
McConnell, Joseph R., M. Sigl, G. Plunkett, A. Burke, W. M. Kim, C. C. Raible, A. I. Wilson, J. G. Manning, F. Ludlow, N. J. Chellman, H. M. Innes, Z. Yang, J. F. Larsen, J. R. Schaefer, S. Kipfstuhl, S. Mojtabavi, F. Wilhelms, T. Opel, H. Meyer, and J. P. Steffensen, 2020: Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(27), 15443–15449, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002722117.
McCracken and Watson 2006
McCracken, M., and H. Watson, 2006: Correspondence to 'US posts sensitive climate report for public comment': 'Open review may ease acceptance of report' 'US has always made drafts available',
Nature, 441, 406.
McCrystall et al. 2021
McCrystall, M. R., J. Stroeve, M. Serreze, B. C. Forbes, and J. A. Screen, 2021: New climate models reveal faster and larger increases in Arctic precipitation than previously projected,
Nat. Commun., 12, 6765 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467–021–27031–y.
McGregor 2006
McGregor, G., 2006: Climatology: its scientific nature and scope,
Int. J. Climatol., 26, 1–5.
McGregor et al. 2015
McGregor, H. V., M. N. Evans, H. Goosse, G. Leduc, B. Martrat, J. A. Addison, P. G. Mortyn, P. W. Oppo, M. S. Seidenkrantz, M. A. Sicre, S. J. Phipps, K. Selvaraj, K. Thirumalai, H. L. Filipsson, and V. Ersek, 2015: Robust global ocean cooling trend for the pre-industrial Common Era,
Nature Geoscience, 8, 671–677, DOI: 10.1038/NGEO2510.
McGuffie and Henderson-Sellers 2005
McGuffie, K., and A. Henderson-Sellers, 2005: A Climate Modelling Primer. 3rd edn.,
John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
McGuire et al. 2010
McGuire, A. D., R. W. Ruess, A. Lloyd, J. yarie, J. S. Clein, and G. P. Judayk, 2010: Vulnerability of white spruce tree growth in interior Alaska in response to climate variability: dendrochronological, demographic and experimental perspectives,
Canadian Journal for Forest Research, 40, 1197–1209, doi:10.1139/X09–206.
McGuire et al. 2018
McGuire, A David, D. M. Lawrence, C. Koven, J. S. Clein, E. Burke, G. Chen, E. Jafarov, A. H. MacDougall, S. Marchenko, D. Nicolsky, S. Peng, A. Rinke, P. Ciais, I. Gouttevin, D. J. Hayes, D. Ji, G. Krinner, J. C. Moore, V. Romanovsky, C. Schädel, K. Schaefer, E. A. G. Schuur, and Q. Zhuang, 2018: Dependence of the evolution of carbon dynamics in the northern permafrost region on the trajectory of climate change,
PNAS, 115(15), 3882–3887, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719903115.
McIntyre and McKitrick 2003
McIntyre, S., and R. McKitrick, 2003: Corrections to the Mann et al.(1998) proxy data base and northern hemispheric average temperature series,
Energy and Environment, 14, 751–771.
McIntyre and McKitrick 2005a
McIntyre, S., and R. McKitrick, 2005a: Hockey sticks, principal components and spurious significance,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L03710, doi:10.1029/2004GL021750.
McIntyre and McKitrick 2005b
McIntyre, S., and R. McKitrick, 2005b: Reply to comment by Huyberts on ' Hockey sticks, principal components and spurious significance',
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20713.
McIntyre and McKitrick 2005c
McIntyre, S., and R. McKitrick, 2005c: Reply to comment by von Storch and Zorita on 'Hockey sticks, principal components and spurious significance',
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20714.
McIntyre and McKitrick 2009
McIntyre, S., and R. McKitrick, 2009: Proxy inconsistency and other problems in millennial paleoclimate reconstructions,
PNAS, 106, E10.
McKay et al. 2022
McKay, David I. Armstrong, A. Staal, J. F. Abrams, R. Winkelmann, B. Sakschewski, S. Loriani, I. Fetzer, S. E. Cornell, J. Rockström, and T. M. Lenton, 2022: Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points,
Science, 377(6611), eabn7950.
McShane and Wyner 2011
McShane, B. B., and A. J. Wyner, 2011: A statistical analysis of multiple temperature proxies: are reconstructions of surface temperatures over the last 1000 years reliable?,
Ann. Appl. Stat., 5, 5–44, DOI: 10.1214/10–AOAS398.
Meehl and Arblaster 2009
Meehl, G. A., and J. Arblaster, 2009: A lagged warm event-like response to peaks in solar focing in the Pacific region,
J. Climate, 22, 3647–3660.
Meehl and Hu 2006
Meehl, G. A., and A. Hu, 2006: Megadroughts in the Indian Monsoon region and southwest North America and a mechanism for associated multidecadal Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies,
J. Climate, 19, 1605–1623.
Meehl et al. 2000
Meehl, G. A., F. Zwiers, J. Evans, T. Knutson, L. Mearns, and P. Whetton, 2000: Trends in extreme weather and climate events: issues related to modeing extrems in projections of future climate change,
BAMS, 81, 427–428.
Meehl et al. 2007
Meehl, G. A., T. Stocker, W. Collins, P. Friedlingstein, A. Gaye, J. Gregory, A. Kitoh, R. Knutti, J. Murphy, A. Noda, S. Raper, I. Watterson, A. Weaver, and Z.-C. Zhao, 2007: Global Climate Projections. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [S. Solomon and D. Qin and M. Manning and Z. Chen and M. Marquis and K. B. Averyt and M. Tignor and H. L. Miller (eds.)].
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Meehl et al. 2008
Meehl, G. A., J. Arblaster, G. Branstator, and H. van Loon, 2008: A coupled air-sea response mechanism to solar forcing in the Pacific region,
J. Climate, 21, 2883–2897.
Meehl et al. 2009
Meehl, G. A., J. Arblaster, K. Matthes, F. Sassi, and H. van Loon, 2009: Amplifying the Pacific climate system response to a small 11-year solr cycle forcing,
Science, 325, 1114–1118.
Meehl et al. 2020
Meehl, Gerald A., C. A. Senior, V. Eyring, G. Flato, J.-F. Lamarque, R. J. Stouffer, K. E. Taylor, and M. Schlund, 2020: Context for interpreting equilibrium climate sensitivity and transient climate response from the CMIP6 Earth system models,
Science Advances, 6(26).
Meier et al. 2007
Meier, N., T. Rutishauser, C. Pfister, H. Wanner, and J. Luterbacher, 2007: Grape harvest dates as a proxy for Swiss April to August temperature reconstructions back to AD 1480,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L20705, DOI: 10.1029/2007GL031381.
Meinshausen et al. 2020
Meinshausen, M., Z. R. J. Nicholls, J. Lewis, M. J. Gidden, E. Vogel, M. Freund, U. Beyerle, C. Gessner, A. Nauels, N. Bauer, J. G. Canadell, J. S. Daniel, A. John, P. B. Krummel, G. Luderer, N. Meinshausen, S. A. Montzka, P. J. Rayner, S. Reimann, S. J. Smith, M. van den Berg, G. J. M. Velders, M. K. Vollmer, and R. H. J. Wang, 2020: The shared socio-economic pathway (SSP) greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions to 2500,
Geoscientific Model Development, 13(8), 3571–3605.
Melo-Aguilar et al. 2018
Melo-Aguilar, C., J. F. González-Rouco, E. Garc&́#305;a-Bustamante, J. Navarro-Montesinos, and N. Steinert, 2018: Influence of radiative forcing factors on ground–air temperature coupling during the last millennium: implications for borehole climatology,
Climate of the Past, 14(11), 1583–1606.
Melvin and Briffa 2008
Melvin, T. M., and K. R. Briffa, 2008: A 'signal-free' approach to dendroclimatic standardization,
Dendrochronologia, 26, 71–86, doi:10.1016/j.dendro.2007.12.001.
Members 2001
Members, Cape Project, 2001: Holocene paleoclimate data from the Arctic: testing models of global climate change,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 1275–1287.
Metcalfe et al. 2010
Metcalfe, S. E., M. D. Jones, S. J. Davies, A. Noren, and A. MacKenzie, 2010: Climate variability over the last two millennia in the North American Monsoon region, recorded in laminated lake sediments from Laguna de Juanacatlán, Mexico,
The Holocene, 20, 1195–1206.
Mildrexler et al. 2006
Mildrexler, D. J., M. Zhao, and S. W. Running, 2006: Where are the hottest spots on Earth,
EOS, 87, 461–476.
Miller et al. 2012
Miller, G. H., A. Geirsdottir, Y. Zhong, D. J. Larsen, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, M. M. Holland, D. A. Bailey, K. A. Refsnider, S. J. Lehman, J. R. Southon, C. Anderson, H. Björnsson, and T. Thordarson, 2012: Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L02708, doi:10.1029/2011GL050168.
Min et al. 2005a
Min, S., S. Legutke, A. Hense, and W. Kwon, 2005a: Internal variability in a 1000-yr control simulation with the coupled climate model ECHO-G -I. Near surface temperature, precipitation and sea level pressure,
Tellus, 57A, 605–621.
Min et al. 2005b
Min, S., S. Legutke, A. Hense, and W. Kwon, 2005b: Internal variability in a 1000-yr control simulation with the coupled climate model ECHO-G -II. El Niño Sourthern Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation,
Tellus, 57A, 622–640.
Min et al. 2006
Min, S., S. Legutke, A. Hense, U. Cubasch, W. Kwon, J. Oh, and U. Schlese, 2006: East Asian climate change in the 21st century as simulated by the Coupled Climate Model ECHO-G under IPCC SRES scenarios,
J.Meteor. Soc. Japan, 84, 1–26.
Miró et al. 2006
Miró, J. J., M. J. Estrela, and M. Millán, 2006: Summer temperature trends in a mediterranean area (Valencia Region),
Int. J. Climatol., 16, 1051–1073.
Mitchell 1984
Mitchell, J. F. B., 1984: The effects of pollutants on global climate,
The Met. Mag., 113, 1–16.
Mitchell 1989
Mitchell, J. F. B., 1989: The Greenhouse Effect and climate change,
Rev. Geophys., 27, 115–139.
Mitchell et al. 1995a
Mitchell, J. F. B., T. C. Johns, J. M. Gregory, and S. F. B. Tett, 1995a: Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols,
Nature, 376, 501–5046.
Mitchell et al. 1995b
Mitchell, J. F. B., R. A. Davies, W. J. Ingram, and C. A. Senior, 1995b: On surface temperature, greenhouse gases, and aerosols: models and observations,
J. Climate, 8, 2364–2386.
Mitchell et al. 2001
Mitchell, J. F. B., D. J. Karoly, G. C. Hegerl, F. W. Zwiers, and J. Marengo, 2001: Detection of climate change and attribution of causes. In:Climate Change 2001. The Scientific Basis. The Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. -J. T. Joughton et al. (eds.)-,
New York,NY, USA: Cambridge University Press,
Pages 695–738.
Mitchell and Hulme 1999
Mitchell, T. D., and M. Hulme, 1999: Predicting regional climate change: living with uncertainty,
Progress in Physical Geography, 23, 57–78.
Moberg 2012
Moberg, A., 2012: Comments on 'Reconstruction of the extra-tropical NH mean temperture over the last millennium with a method that preserves low-frequency variability,
J. Climate, xxx, yyy–yyy, doi:10.1175/JCLI–D–11–00404–1.
Moberg 2013
Moberg, A., 2013: Comparisons of simulated and observed Northern Hemisphere temperature variations during the past millennium -selected lessons learned and problems encountered,
Tellus B, 65, 19921, doi:10.1175/JCLI–D–11–00404–1.
Moberg et al. 2005
Moberg, A., D. M. Sonechkin, K. Holmgren, N. M. Datsenko, and W. Karlén, 2005: Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data,
Nature, 433, 613–617.
Moffa-Sanchez et al. 2014
Moffa-Sanchez, P., A. Born, I. R. Hall, D. J. R. Thornalley, and S. Barker, 2014: Solar forcing of North Atlantic surface temperature and salinity over the past millennium,
Nature Geoscience, xx, yy–zz, doi:10.1038/NGEO2094.
Montavez et al. 2000
Montavez, J. P., J. I. Jiménez, and A. Sarsa, 2000: A Monte Carlo model of the nocturnal surface temperatures in urban canyons,
Boundary Layer Meteorology, 96, 433–452.
Moon et al. 1994
Moon, S., S. Ryoo, and J. Kwon, 1994: A Markov chain model for daily precipitation occurrence in South Korea,
Int. J. Climatol., 14, 1009–1016.
Morán-Tejeda et al. 2021
Morán-Tejeda, E., J. M. Llorente-Pinto, A. Ceballos-Barbancho, M. Tomás-Burguera, C. Azorin-Molina, E. Alonso-González, J. Revuelto, J. Herrero, and J. I. López-Moreno, 2021: The significance of monitoring high mountain environments to detect heavy precipitation hotspots: a case study in Gredos, Central Spain,
Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 146, 1175–1188.
Moreno et al. 2009
Moreno, P. I., J. P. François, R. P. Villa-Mart&́#305;nez, and C. M. Roy, 2009: Millenniall-scale variability in Southern Hemisphere westerly wind activity over the last 5000 years in SW Patagonia,
Quat. Sci. Rev., 28, 25–38.
Moreno-Chamarro et al. 2017
Moreno-Chamarro, E., P. Ortega, F. González-Rouco, and M. Montoya, 2017: Assessing reconstruction techniques of the Atlantic Ocean circulation variability during the last millennium,
Clim. Dyn., 48, 799–819,
DOI 10.1007/s00382-016-3111-x.
Morice et al. 2012
Morice, C. P., J. J. Kenned, N. A. Rayner, and P. D. Jones, 2012: Quantifying uncertainties in global and regional temperature change using an ensemble of observational estimates: The HadCRUT4 data set.,
J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 117, D08101.
Morton 2020
Morton, M. C., 2020: Megadrought helped topple the Assyrian Empire.,
EOS, 101.
Moses et al. 1987
Moses, T., G. N. Kiladis, H. F. Diaz, and R. G. Barry, 1987: Characteristics and frequency of reversals in mean sea level pressure in the North Atlantic sector and their relationship to long-term temperature trends,
J. Climatol., 7, 13–30.
Mottaghy and Rath 2005
Mottaghy, D., and V. Rath, 2005: Latent heat effects in subsurface heat transport modelling and impact on paleotemperature reconstructions,
Geophys. J. Int., doi: 10.1111/j.1365–246X.2005.02843.x.
Murphy 1995
Murphy, J. M., 1995: Transient response of the Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere model to increasing carbon dioxide. Part I: control climate and flux adjustments,
J. Climate, 8, 36–56.
Mursula and Ulich 1998
Mursula, K., and T. Ulich, 1998: A new method to determine the solar cycle length,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1837–1840.
Muscheler and Beer 2006
Muscheler, R., and J. Beer, 2006: Solar forced Dansgaard/Oeschger events?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L20706, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026779.
Muscheler et al. 2007
Muscheler, R., F. Joos, J. Beer, S. A. Mueller, M. Vonmoos, and I. Snowball, 2007: Solar activity during the last 1000 yr inferred from radionuclide records,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 26/1-2, 82–97.
Nabel et al. 2020
Nabel, J. E. M. S., K. Naudts, and J. Pongratz, 2020: Accounting for forest age in the tile-based dynamic global vegetation model JSBACH4 (4.20p7; git feature/forests) – a land surface model for the ICON-ESM,
Geoscientific Model Development, 13(1), 185–200.
Nakicenovic et al. 2000
Nakicenovic, N., J. Alcamo, G. Davis, B. de Vries, J. Fenhann, S. Gaffin, K. Gregory, A. Gruebler, T. Y. Jung, T. Kram, E. L. L. Rovere, L. Michaelis, S. Mori, T. Morita, W. Pepper, H. Pitcher, L. Price, L. Riahi, A. Roehrl, H. H. Rogner, A. Sankovski, M. Schlesinger, P. Shukla, S. Smith, R. Swart, S. van Rooijen, N. Victor, and Z. Dadi, 2000: . Emission Scenarios, a special report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate. , Cambridge University Press, 5999pp.
Neukom et al. 2010
Neukom, R., J. Luterbacher, R. Villalba, M. Kuttel, D. frank, P. D. Jones, M. Grosjean, H. Wanner, J. C. Aravena, D. E. Black, D. A. Christie, R. D'Arrigo, A. Lara, M. Morales, C. Soliz-Gamboa, A. Srur, R. Urrutia, and L. von Gunten, 2010: Multiproxy summer and winter surface air temperature field reconstructions for southern South America covering the past centuries.,
Clim. Dyn, xx, yy–yy, DOI: 10.1007/s000382–010–0793–3.
Neukom et al. 2019
Neukom, R., N. Steiger, J. J. Gómez-Navarro, J. Wang, and J. P. Werner, 2019: No evidence for globally coherent warm and cold periods over the preindustrial Common Era,
Nature, 571, 550–554, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586–019–1401–2.
New et al. 1999
New, M., M. Hulme, and P. Jones, 1999: Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. Part I: Development of a 1961-90 mean monthly terrestrial climatology,
J. Climate, 11, 829–856.
New et al. 2000
New, M., M. Hulme, and P. Jones, 2000: Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. Part II: Development of 1901-96 montly grids of terrestrial surface climate,
J. Climate, 13, 2217–2238.
Newkom et al. 2010
Newkom, R., J. Luterbacher, R. Villalba, M. Kuttel, D. frank, P. D. Jones, M. Grosjean, J. Esper, L. L. pez, and H. Wanner, 2010: Multi-centennial summer and winter preciptiation variability in southern South America,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L147108, DOI: 10.1029/1020GL043680.
Newton et al. 2006
Newton, Alicia, R. Thunell, and L. Stott, 2006: Climate and hydrographic variability in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool during the last millennium,
Geophysical Research Letters, 33(19).
Nicholls 1987
Nicholls, N., 1987: The use of canonical correlation to study teleconnections,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 393–399.
Nitoiu and Beltrami 2005
Nitoiu, D., and H. Beltrami, 2005: Subsurface thermal effects of land use changes,
J. Geophys. Res., 110, F01005, doi: 10.1029/2004JF000151.
Noguer 1994
Noguer, M., 1994: Using statistical techniques to deduce local climate distributions. An application for model validation,
Met. Apps., 1, 277–287.
Nordhaus 2006
Nordhaus, W. D., 2006: Geography and macroeconomics: New data and new findings,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(10), 3510–3517.
North et al. 1982
North, G. R., F. J. Moeng, T. L. Bell, and R. F. Cahalan, 1982: The latitude dependence of the variance of zonally averaged quantities,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 319–326.
North et al. 2006
North, G. R., F. Biondi, P. Bloomfield, J. R. Christy, K. M. Cuffey, R. E. Dickinson, E. R. M. Druffel, D. Nychka, B. Otto-Bliesner, N. Roberts, K. K. Turekian, J. M. Wallace, I. Kraucunas, C. Elfring, A. Staudt, E. A. Galinis, L. Probst, D. Gustafson, and N. Grossblatt, 2006: Surface temperature reconstructions for the last 2000 years.
Washington, D. C.: National Research Council. The National Academies Press,
92 pp.
Oerlemans 2005
Oerlemans, J., 2005: Extracting a climate signal from 169 glacier records,
Science, 308, 675–677.
Ogilvie et al. 2000
Ogilvie, A. E. J., L. K. barlow, and A. E. Jennings, 2000: North Atlantic climate c. AD 1000: Millennial reflections on teh Viking discoveries of Iceland, Greenland and North America,
Weather, 55, 34–45.
O'Hagan and Oakley 2004
O'Hagan, A., and J. E. Oakley, 2004: Probability is perfect, but we ca't elicit it perfectly,
Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 85, 239–248.
Oleson et al. 2010
Oleson, K. W., D. M. Lawrence, B. G. Bonan, M. G. Flanner, E. Kluzek, P. J. Lawrence, S. Levis, S. C. Swenson, and P. E. Thornton, 2010: Technical Description of Version 4.0 of the Community Land Model (CLM),
Tech. rept. 478+STR, doi:10.5065/D6FB50WZ. NCAR, Boulder, Colorado.
Oleson et al. 2013
Oleson, K. W., D. M. Lawrence, B. G. Bonan, B. Drewniak, M. Huang, C. D. Koven, S. Levis, F. Li, W. J. Riley, Z. M. Subin, S. C. Swenson, and P. E. Thornton, 2013: Technical Description of Version 4.5 of the Community Land Model (CLM),
Tech. rept. 503+STR, doi:10.5065/D6RR1W7M. NCAR, Boulder, Colorado.
One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP) et al. 2022
One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP), W. B. Adisasmito, S. Almuhairi, C. B. Behravesh, P. Bilivogui, and e. a. S. A. Bukachi, 2022: One Health: A new definition for a sustainable and healthy future,
Plos Pathog, 18(6), e1010537, doi:/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010537.
Oppenheimer 2003
Oppenheimer, C., 2003: Ice core and palaeoclimatic evidence for the timing and nature of the great mid-13th century volcanic eruption,
Int. J. Climatol., 23, 417–426.
Oreskes 1998
Oreskes, N., 1998: Evaluation (Not Validation) of quantitative models,
Environmental Health Papers, 106, 1453–1460.
Oreskes 2001
Oreskes, N., 2001: Models in ecosystem science. C. D. Canham, J. J. Cole, W. K. Lauenroth (Eds),
Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press,
Chap. The role of quantitative models in science, pages 13–31.
Oreskes and Belitz 2001
Oreskes, N., and K. Belitz, 2001: Model validation: perspectives in hydrological science. M. G. Anderson and P. D. Bates (Eds.),
Baffins Lane, Chichester: John Wiley and Sons,
512pp,
Chap. Philosophical issues in model assessment, pages 24–41.
Oreskes et al. 1994
Oreskes, N., K. Shrader-Frechette, and K. Belitz, 1994: Verification, validation, and confirmation of numerical models in the Earth Sciences,
Science, 263, 641–646.
Ortega et al. 2013
Ortega, P., M. Montoya, F. González-Rouco, H. Beltrami, and D. Swingedouw, 2013: Variability of the ocean heat content during the last millennium - an assessment with the ECHO-g Model,
Climate of the Past, 9(2), 547–565.
Ortega et al. 2015
Ortega, P., F. Lehner, D. Swingedouw, V. Masson-Delmotte, C. Raible, M. Casado, and P. Yiou, 2015: A model-tested North Atlantic Oscillation reconstruction for the past millennium,
Nature, 523, 71–74, doi: 10.1038/nature14518.
Osborn 2004
Osborn, T., 2004: Simulating the winter North Atlantic Oscillation: the roles of internal variability and greenhouse gas forcing,
Clim. Dyn., 22, 605–623.
Osborn and Briffa 2004
Osborn, T., and K. Briffa, 2004: The real color of climate change,
Science, 306, 621–622.
Osborn and Briffa 2006
Osborn, T., and K. R. Briffa, 2006: The spatial extent of 20th century warmth in the context of the past 1200 years,
Science, 311, 841–844.
Osborn et al. 1999
Osborn, T., K. R. Briffa, S. F. B. Tett, P. D. Jones, and R. M. Trigo, 1999: Evaluation of the North Atlantic Oscillation as simulated by a coupled climate model,
Clim. Dyn., 15, 685–702.
Osborn et al. 2006
Osborn, T., S. C. B. Raper, and K. R. Briffa, 2006: Simulated climate change during the last 1000 years: comparing the ECHO-G general circulation model with the MAGICC simple climate model,
Clim. Dyn., 27, 185–187, doi:10.1007/s00382–006–0129–5.
Otto-Bliesner et al. 2016
Otto-Bliesner, B., E. C. Brady, J. Fasullo, A. Jahn, L. Landrun, S. Stevenson, N. Rosenbloom, A. Mai, and G. Strand, 2016: Climate variability and change since 850 C.E.: An Ensemble Approach with the Community Earth System Model (CESM),
BAMS, 97(5), 735–754.
Overpeck et al. 1997
Overpeck, J., K. Hughen, D. Hardy, R. Bradley, R. Case, M. Douglas, B. Finney, K. Gajewski, G. Jacoby, A. Jennings, S. Lamoureux, A. Lasca, G. MacDonald, J. Moore, M.Retelle, S. Smith, A. Wolfe, and G. Zielinski, 1997: Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries,
Science, 278, 1251–1256.
Pachauri and Mayer 2014
R. K. Pachauri and L. A. Mayer (Eds.), 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.
Palmer and Stevens 2019
Palmer, T., and B. Stevens, 2019: The scientific challenge of understanding and estimating climate change,
PNAS, 116, 24390–24395, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906691116.
Palutikov et al. 1987
Palutikov, J., P. Kelly, T. Davies, and J. Halliday, 1987: Impacts of spatial and temporal windspeed variability on wind energy output,
J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 26, 1124–1133.
Parker 2004
Parker, D. E., 2004: Large scale warming is not urban,
Nature, 432, 290.
Parker and Folland 1988
Parker, D. E., and C. K. Folland, 1988: The nature of climate variability,
Met. Mag., 117, 201–210.
Parker et al. 1994
Parker, D. E., P. D. Jones, C. K. Folland, and A. Bevan, 1994: Interdecadal changes of surface temperature since the late nineteenth century,
J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14373–14399.
Pasquale et al. 2000
Pasquale, V., M. Verdoya, P. Chiozzi, and J. Safanda, 2000: Evidence of climate warming from underground temperatures in NW Italy,
Global and Planetary Change, 25, 215–222.
Pasquale et al. 2005
Pasquale, V., M. Verdoya, P. Chiozzi, L. Bodri, and S. Bellani, 2005: Temperature signal in the underground for climate history reconstruction in Italy,
Global and Planetary Change, 47, 36–50, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.11.015.
Pastor et al. 2001
Pastor, F., M. J. Estrela, D. P. narrocha, and M. M. Millán, 2001: Torrential rains on the Spanish Mediterranean Coast: modeling the effects of the sea surface temperature,
J. Appl. Met., 40(7), 1180–1195.
Paulhus and Kohler 1952
Paulhus, J. L., and M. A. Kohler, 1952: Interpolation of missing precipitation records,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 80, 129–133.
Pauling et al. 2003
Pauling, A., J. Luterbacher, and H. Wanner, 2003: Evaluation of proxies for european and North Atlantic temperature field reconstructions,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1787, 10.1029/2003GL017589.
Pauling et al. 2006
Pauling, A., J. Luterbacher, C. Casty, and H. Wanner, 2006: Five hundred years of gridded high-resolution precipitation reconstructions over Europe and the connection to large-scale circulation,
Clim. Dyn., 26, 387–405.
Peixoto and Oort 1984
Peixoto, J. P., and A. Oort, 1984: Physics of climate,
Rev. Mod. Phys., 56, 365–429.
Peixoto and Oort 1992
Peixoto, J. P., and A. Oort, 1992: Physics of climate.
New York: American Institute of Physics.
Perlwitz and Graf 1995
Perlwitz, J., and H. Graf, 1995: The statistical conection between tropospheric and stratospheric circulation of the Northern Hemisphere in winter,
J. Clim., 8, 2281–2295.
Peterson et al. 1998a
Peterson, T. C., R. Vose, R. Schmoyer, and V. Razuvaev, 1998a: Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) quality control of monthly temperature data,
Int. J. Climatol, 18, 1169–1179.
Peterson et al. 1998b
Peterson, T. C., D. R. Easterling, T. R. Karl, P. Groisman, N. Nicholls, N. Plummer, S. Torok, I. Auer, R. Boehm, D. Gullett, L. Vincent, R. Heino, H. Tuomenvirta, O. Mestre, T. Szentimrey, J. Salinger, E. J. F$\o$rland, I. Hanssen-Bauer, H. Alexanderson, P. Jones, and D. Parker, 1998b: Homogeneity adjustments of in situ atmospheric climate data: a review,
Int. J. Climatol, 18, 1493–1517.
Pethica et al. 2010
Pethica, J., F. Fox, B. Hoskins, M. Kelly, J. Mitchell, S. Owens, T. Palmer, J. Shepherd, K. Shine, D. Spiegelhalter, R. Garthwaite, S. Leckie, and T. McBride, 2010: Climate change: a summary of the science,
Tech. rept. The Royal Society, London, UK.
Pfeiffer and Nowak 2006
Pfeiffer, T., and M. A. Nowak, 2006: All in the game,
Nature, 441, 583–584.
Phillips 2020
Phillips, Claire L., 2020: How much will soil warm?,
Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 125, e2020JG005668.
Phipps et al. 2013
Phipps, S. J., H. V. McGregor, J. Gergis, A. J. E. Gallant, and R. Neukom, 2013: Paleoclimate data-model comparison and the role of climate forcings over the past 1500 years,
J. Climate, xxx, yyy–yyy, Doi: 10.1175/JCLI–D–12–00108.1.
Pielke 2003
Pielke, R. A., 2003: Heat storage within the earth system,
Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 14, 331–335.
Plass 1956
Plass, G. N., 1956: The carbon dioxide theory of climate change,
Tellus, 8, 140–154.
Plass 1957
Plass, G. N., 1957: The influence of the $15 \mu m$ carbon-dioxide badn on the atmospheric infra-red cooling rate,
Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 82, 310–324.
Pollack and Huang 2000
Pollack, H. N., and S. Huang, 2000: Climate reconstruction from subsurface temperatures,
Annu. Rev. Earth. Planet. Sci., 28, 339–365.
Pollack and Smerdon 2004
Pollack, H. N., and J. E. Smerdon, 2004: Borehole climate reconstructions: spatial structure and hemispheric averages,
J. Geophys. Res., 109, D11106, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004163.
Pollack et al. 1996
Pollack, H. N., , P. Y. Shen, and S. Huang, 1996: Inference of ground surface temperature history from subsurface temperature data: interpreting ensembles of borehole logs,
Pageoph, 147, 537–550.
Pollack et al. 1998
Pollack, H. N., S. Huang, and P. Y. Shen, 1998: Climate change record in subsurface temperatures: a global perspective,
Science, 282, 279–281.
Pollack et al. 2005
Pollack, H. N., J. E. Smerdon, and P. E. van Keken, 2005: Variable seasonal coupling between air and ground temperatures: a simple representation in terms of subsurface thermal diffusivity,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, doi:10.1029/2005GL023869.
Pollack et al. 2006
Pollack, H. N., S. Huang, and J. E. Smerdon, 2006: Five centuries of climate change in Australia: the view from underground,
J. Quaternary Sci., 21(7), 701–706.
Pontgratz et al. 2008
Pontgratz, J., C. Reick, T. Raddatz, and M. Claussen, 2008: A reconstruction of global agricultural areas and land cover for the last millennium,
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22, GB3018, doi: 10.1029/2007GB003153.
Pontgratz et al. 2009
Pontgratz, J., T. Raddatz, C. Reick, M. Esch, and M. Claussen, 2009: Radiative forcing from anthropogenic land cover change since A. D. 800,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02709, doi: 10.1029/2008GL036394.
Pontgratz et al. 2010
Pontgratz, J., C. H. Reick, T. Raddatz, and M. Claussen, 2010: Biogeophysical versus biogeochemical climate response to historical anthropogenic land cover change,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L08702, doi: 10.1029/2010GL043010.
Porter and Pisaric 2011
Porter, T. J., and M. J. Pisaric, 2011: Temperature-growth divergence in white spruce forests of Old Crow Flats, Yukon Territory, and adjacent regions of northwestern North America,
Global Change Biology, xxx, yyy–yyy doi: 10.1111/j.1365–2486.2011.02507.x.
Potter 1981
Potter, K. W., 1981: Illustration of a New test for detecting a shift in mean in precipitation series,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 2040–2045.
Powell 2010
Powell, K., 2010: Publish like a pro,
Nature, 467, 873–875.
Pozo-Vázquez et al. 2001a
Pozo-Vázquez, D., M. J. Esteban-Parra, F. S. Rodrigo, and Y. Castro-Diez, 2001a: The association between ENSO winter atmospheric circulation and temperature in the North Atlantic Region,
J. Climate, 14, 3408–3420.
Pozo-Vázquez et al. 2001b
Pozo-Vázquez, D., M. J. Esteban-Parra, F. S. Rodrigo, and Y. Castro-Diez, 2001b: A study of NAO variability and its possible non-linear influences on European surface temperature,
Clim. Dyn., 14, 701–715.
Preisendorfer 1988
Preisendorfer, R. W., 1988: Principal component analysis in meteorology and oceanography.
Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Pryor et al. 2005a
Pryor, S. C., J. T. Schoff, and E. Kjellstrom, 2005a: Climate change impacts on wind speeds and wind energy density in northern Europe: empirical downscaling of multiple AOGCMs,
Clim. Res., 29, 183–198.
Pryor et al. 2005b
Pryor, S. C., J. T. Schoof, and R. J. Barthelmie, 2005b: Empirical downscaling of wind speed probability distributions,
J. Geophys. Res., 110, D19109, doi:10.1029/2005JD005899.
Pryor et al. 2005c
Pryor, S. C., R. J. Barthelmie, and E. Kjellstrom, 2005c: Potential climate change impact on wind energy resources in northern Europe: analyses using a regional climate model,
Clim. Dyn., 25, 815–835.
Pryor et al. 2006
Pryor, S. C., R. J. Barthelmie, and J. T. Schoof, 2006: Inter-annual variability of wind indices across Europe,
Wind Energie, 9, 27–38.
Qadir et al. 2018
Qadir, M. I., A. Weilhard, J. A. Fernandes, I. Pedro, B. J. Vieira, J. C. Waerenborgh, and J. Dupont, 2018: Selective Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation Driven by Ferromagnetic RuFe Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids,
ACS Catal., 8, 1621–1627.
Qin et al. 2020
Qin, N., P. Liang, C. Wu, G. Wang, Q. Xu, X. Xiong, T. Wang, M. Zolfo, N. Segata, H. Qin, R. Knight, J. A. Gilbert, and T. F. Zhu, 2020: Longitudinal survey of microbiome associated with particulate matter in a megacity,
Genome Biology, 21, 55, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059–020–01964–x.
Raddatz et al. 2007
Raddatz, T. J., C. H. Reick, W. Knorr, J. Kattge, E. Roeckner, R. Schnur, K. G. Schnitzler, P. Wetzel, and J. Jungclaus, 2007: Will the tropical land biosphere dominate the climate-carbon cycle feedback during the twenty-first century?,
Clim. Dyn., 29, 565–574, DOI: 10.1007/s00382–007–0247–8.
Rahmstorf 1997
Rahmstorf, S., 1997: Risk of sea-change in the Atlantic,
Nature, 388, 825–826.
Rahmstorf 2006
Rahmstorf, S., 2006: Testing climate reconstructions,
Science, 312, 1872.
Rahmstorf 2007a
Rahmstorf, S., 2007a: Response to Comments on 'A semi-empirical aproach to projecting future sea-level rise',
Science, 317, 1866d, doi: 10.1126/science.1141283.
Rahmstorf 2007b
Rahmstorf, S., 2007b: A semi-empirical aproach to projecting future sea-level rise,
Science, 315, 368–370, doi: 10.1126/science.1135456.
Rahmstorf et al. 2005
Rahmstorf, S., M. Crucifix, A. Ganopolski, H. Goosse, I. kamenkovich, R. Knutti, G. Lohmann, R. Marsh, L. A. Mysak, Z. Wang, and A. J. Weaver, 2005: Thermohaline circulation hysteresis: a model intercomparison,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23605, doi:10.1029/2005GL023655.
Rahmstorf et al. 2007
Rahmstorf, S., A. Cazenave, J. A. Church, J. E. Hansen, R. F. Keeling, D. E. Parker, and R. C. J. Somerville, 2007: Recent climate observations compared to projections,
Science, 316, 709, doi: 10.1126/science.1136843.
Rahmstorf et al. 2012 volume =
Rahmstorf, S., G. Foster, and A. Cazenave, 2012 volume =: Comparing climate projections to observations up to 2011,
Environ. Res. Lett.
Raible et al. 2001
Raible, C., U. Luksch, K. Fraedrich, and R. Voss, 2001: North Atlantic decadal regimes in a coupled GCM simulation,
Climate Dynamics, 18, 321–330.
Raible et al. 2004
Raible, C., U. Luksch, and K. Fraedrich, 2004: Precipitation and Northern Hemisphere regimes,
Atmospheric Science Letters, 5, 43–55 doi:10.1016/j.atmoscilet.2003.12.001.
Raible et al. 2005
Raible, C., T. F. Stocker, M. Yoshimori, M. Renold, and U. Beyerle, 2005: Northern Hemispheric Trends of Pressure Indices and Atmospheric Circulation Patterns in Observations, Reconstructions, and Coupled GCM Simulations,
J. Climate, 18, 3968–3982.
Raible 2007
Raible, C. C., 2007: On the relation between extremes of midlatitude cyclones and the atmospheric circulation using ERA40,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L07703, doi:10.1029/2006GL029084.
Raisanen 2007
Raisanen, J., 2007: How reliable are climate models?,
Tellus, 59A, 2–29.
Raisanen et al. 2004
Raisanen, J., U. Hansson, A. Ullerstig, R. Doscher, L. P. Graham, C. Jones, H. E. M. Meier, P. Samuelsson, and U. Willén, 2004: European climate in the late twenty-first century: regional simulations with two driving global models and two forcing scenarios,
Clim. Dyn., 22, 13–31.
Rajver et al. 1998
Rajver, D., J. Safanda, and P. Y. Shen, 1998: The climate record innverted from borehole temperatures in Slovenia,
Tectonophysics, 291, 263–276.
Ramaswamy et al. 2019a
Ramaswamy, V., W. Collins, J. Haywood, J. Lean, N. Mahowald, G. Myhre, V. Naik, K. P. Shine, B. Soden, G. Stenchikov, and T. Storelvmo, 2019a: Radiative Forcing of Climate: The Historical Evolution of the Radiative Forcing Concept, the Forcing Agents and their Quantification, and Applications,
Meteorological Monographs, 59(14), 1–101.
Ramaswamy et al. 2019b
Ramaswamy, V., W. Collins, J. Haywood, J. Lean, N. Mahowald, G. Myhre, V. Naik, K. P. Shine, B. Soden, G. Stenchikov, and T. Storelvmo, 2019b: Radiative Forcing of Climate: The Historical Evolution of the Radiative Forcing Concept, the Forcing Agents and their Quantification, and Applications,
Meteorological Monographs, 14, 1–101.
Randall et al. 2007
Randall, D. A., R. Wood, S. Bony, R. Colman, T. Fichefet, J. Fyfe, V. Kattsov, A. Pitman, J. Shukla, J. Srinivasan, R. Stouffer, A. Sumi, and K. Taylor, 2007: Climate Models and Their Evaluation. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [S. Solomon and D. Qin and M. Manning and Z. Chen and M. Marquis and K. B. Averyt and M. Tignor and H. L. Miller (eds.)].
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Rasmussen et al. 2023
Rasmussen, R. M., F. Chen, C. Liu, K. Ikeda, A. Prein, J. Kim, T. Schneider, A. Dai, D. Gochis, A. Dugger, Y. Zhang, A. Jaye, J. Dudhia, C. He, M. Harrold, L. Xue, S. Chen, A. Newman, E. Dougherty, R. Abolafia-Rosenzweig, N. D. Lybarger, R. Viger, D. Lesmes, K. Skalak, J. Brakebill, D. Cline, K. Dunne, K. Rasmussen, and G. Miguez-Macho, 2023: CONUS404: The NCAR–USGS 4-km Long-Term Regional Hydroclimate Reanalysis over the CONUS,
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 104(8), E1382 – E1408.
Rauert and Harner 2016
Rauert, C., and T. Harner, 2016: A preliminary investigation into the use of Red Pine (Pinus Resinosa) tree cores as historic passive samplers of POPs in outdoor air,
Atmosph. Environment, 140, 514–518, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.024.
Rayner et al. 2003
Rayner, N. A., D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland, L. V. Alexander, D. P. Rowell, E. C. Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century,
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 108(D14).
Reek et al. 1992
Reek, T., S. R. Doty, and T. W. Owen, 1992: A deterministic approach to the validation of historical daily temperature and precipitation data from the cooperative network,
Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 753–762.
Reick et al. 2013
Reick, C. H., T. Raddatz, V. Brovkin, and V. Gayler, 2013: Representation of natural and anthropogenic land cover change in MPI-ESM,
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 5(3), 459–482.
REN21 2017
REN21, 2017: REN21, 2017: Renewables 2017 Global Status Report,
Tech. rept. ISBN: 978-3-9818107-0-7, 302 pp. Paris: REN21 Secretariat.
Renssen et al. 2005
Renssen, H., H. Goosse, T. Fichefet, V. Brovkin, E. Driesschaert, and F. Wolk, 2005: Simulating the Holocene climate evolution at northern high latitudes using a coupled atmosphere-sea ice-ocean-vegetation model,
Climate Dynamics, 24, 23–43, doi: 10.1007/s00382–004–0485–y.
Renssen et al. 2006
Renssen, H., H. Goosse, and R. Muscheler, 2006: Coupled climate model simulation of Holocene cooling events: oceanic feedback amplifies solar forcing,
Climate of the Past, 2, 79–90.
Renssen et al. 2009
Renssen, H., H. Seppa, O. Heiri, D. M. Roche, H. Goosse, and T. Fichefet, 2009: The spatial and temporal complexity of the Holocene thermal maximum,
Nature Geoscience, 2, 411–414, doi: 10.1038/NGEO513.
Rhoades and Neill 1995
Rhoades, D. A., and W. A. Neill, 1995: The effect of station drift on the esstimation of shifts in meteorological records due to site changes,
Int. J. Climatol., 15, 207–220.
Rhoades and Salinger 1993
Rhoades, D. A., and M. J. Salinger, 1993: Adjustment of temperature and rainfall records for site changes,
Int. J. Climatol., 13, 899–913.
Richman 1986
Richman, M. B., 1986: Rotation of principal components,
J. Climatol., 6, 293–335.
Richman 1987
Richman, M. B., 1987: Rotation of principal components: a reply,
J. Climatol., 7, 511–520.
Rimi 2000
Rimi, A., 2000: Evidence of recent warming in the north of Morocco from disturbed geothermal gradientes,
Geodinamica Acta, 13, 19–27.
Rind 2000
Rind, D., 2000: Relating paleoclimate data and past temperature gradients: Some suggestive rules,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 381–390.
Rind et al. 1999
Rind, D., J. Lean, and R. Healy, 1999: Simulated time-dependent climate response to solar radiative forcing since 1600,
J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1973–1990.
Rind et al. 2004
Rind, D., D. Shindell, J. Perlwitz, , and J. Lerner, 2004: The relative importance of solar and anthropogenic forcing of climate change between the Maunder Minimum and the present,
J. Clim., 17, 906–929.
Risk et al. 2002a
Risk, D., L. Kellman, and H. Beltrami, 2002a: Carbon dioxide in soil profiles: production and temperature dependence,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, doi:10.1029/2001GL014002.
Risk et al. 2002b
Risk, D., L. Kellman, and H. Beltrami, 2002b: Soil $CO_{2}$ production and surface flux at four climate observatories in eastern Canada,
Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 16, doi:10.1029/2001GB001831.
Riveros-Iregui et al. 2007
Riveros-Iregui, D. A., R. E. Emanuel, D. J. Muth, B. L. McGlynn, H. H. Epstein, D. L. Welsch, V. J. Pacific, and J. M. Wraith, 2007: Diurnal hystereis between soil $CO_2$ and soil temperature is controlled by soil water content,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17404,doi:10.1029/2007GL030938.
Robertson et al. 2001
Robertson, A., J. Overpeck, D. Rind, E. Mosley-Thompson, G. Zielinski, J. Lean, D. Koch, J. Penner, I. Tegen, and R. Healy, 2001: Hypothesized climate forcing time series for the last 500 years.,
J. Geophys. Res., 106, 14783–14803.
Robinson and Shine 2018
Robinson, M., and T. Shine, 2018: Achieving a climate justice pathway to 1.5 C,
Nature Clim. Change, 8, 564–569, doi.org/10.1038/s41558–018–0189–7.
Robock and Li 2006
Robock, A., and H. Li, 2006: Solar dimming and CO2 effects on soil moisture trends,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L20708, doi:10.1029/2006GL027585.
Robock et al. 2000
Robock, A., K. Y. Vinnikov, G. Srinivasan, J. K. Entin, S. E. Hollinger, N. A. Speranskaya, S. Liu, and A. Namkhai, 2000: The global soil moisture data bank,
Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81(6), 1281–1299.
Rodrigo et al. 1999
Rodrigo, F. S., M. J. Esteban-Parra, D. Pozo-Vázquez, and Y. Castro-D&́#305;ez, 1999: A 500-year precipitation record in Southern Spain,
Int. J. Climatol., 19, 1233–1253.
Rodrigo et al. 2012
Rodrigo, F. S., J. J. Gómez-Navarro, and J. P. Montávez Gómez, 2012: Climate variability in Andalusia (southern Spain) during the period 1701–1850 based on documentary sources: evaluation and comparison with climate model simulations,
Climate of the Past, 8(1), 117–133.
Rodriguez-Fonseca and de Castro 2002
Rodriguez-Fonseca, B., and M. de Castro, 2002: On the connection between winter anomalous precipitation in the Iberian Peninsula and North West Africa and the summer subtropical Atlantic sea surface temperature,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1863, doi: 10.1029/2001GL014421.
Rodriguez-Fonseca et al. 2006
Rodriguez-Fonseca, B., I. Polo, E. Serrano, and M. Castro, 2006: Evaluation of the North Atlantic SST forcing on the european and northern african winter climate,
Int. J. Climatol., 26, 179–191.
Rodriguez-Puebla et al. 1998
Rodriguez-Puebla, C., A. H. Encinas, S. Nieto, and J. Garmendia, 1998: Spatial and temporal patterns of annual precipitation varibility over the Iberian Peninsula,
Int. J. Climatol., 18, 299–316.
Rodwell et al. 1999
Rodwell, M. J., D. P. Rowell, and C. K. Folland, 1999: Oceanic forcing of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation and European climate,
Nature, 398, 320–323.
Roeckner et al. 1996
Roeckner, E., K. Arpe, L. Bengtsson, M. Christoph, M. Claussen, L. Dümenil, M. Esch, M. Giorgetta, U. Schlese, and U. Schulzweida, 1996: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM4: model description and simulation of present-day climate,
Tech. rept. 218. Max-Planck-Institut fuer Meterologie, Hamburg, Germany.
Roeckner et al. 1999
Roeckner, E., L. Bengtsson, J. Feichter, J. Lelieveld, and H. Rodhe, 1999: Transient climate change simulations with a coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM including the tropospheric sulfur cycle,
J. Clim., 12, 3004–3032.
Roeckner et al. 2003
Roeckner, E., G. Bäuml, L. Bonaventura, R. Brokopf, M. Esch, M. Giorgetta, S. Hagemann, I. Kirchner, L. Kornblueh, E. Manzini, A. Rhodin, U. Schlese, U. Schulzweida, and A. Tompkins, 2003: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5. Part I: Model description,
Tech. rept. 349. Max-Planck-Institut fuer Meterologie, Hamburg.
Rogers 1981
Rogers, J. C., 1981: Spatial variability of seasonal sea level pressure and 500 mb height anomalies,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 2093–2106.
Rogers 1984
Rogers, J. C., 1984: The association betwen the NAO and the SO in the Northern Hemisphere,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1999–2015.
Rogers 1985
Rogers, J. C., 1985: Atmospheric circulation changes associated with the warming over the northern North Atlantic in the 1920's,
J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 24, 1303–1310.
Rogers 1990
Rogers, J. C., 1990: Patterns of low-frequency monthly sea level pressure variability (1899-1986) and associated wave cyclone frequencies,
J. Clim., 3, 1364–1379.
Rogers and van Loon 1982
Rogers, J. C., and H. van Loon, 1982: Spatial variability of Sea Level Pressure and 500 mb Height Anomalies over the Southern Hemisphere,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1375–1392.
Rohde et al. 2013
Rohde, R., R. Muller, R. Jacobsen, S. Perlmutter, A. Rosenfeld, J. Wurtele, J. Curry, C. Wickham, and S. Mosher, 2013: Berkeley Earth Temperature Averaging Process,
Geoinformatics and Geostatistics: an overview, 1, 1000103.
Rojas et al. 2016
Rojas, M., P. A. Arias, V. Flores-Aqueveque, A. Seth, and M. Vuille, 2016: The South American monsoon variability over the last millennium in climate models,
Climate of the Past, 12(8), 1681–1691.
Romero et al. 1998
Romero, R., J. A. Guijarro, C. Ramis, and S. Alonso, 1998: A 30-year (1964-1993) daily rainfall data base for the Spanish Mediterranean regions: first exploratory study,
Int. J. Climatol., 18, 541–560.
Romero et al. 1999a
Romero, R., G. Summer, C. Ramis, and A. Genove, 1999a: A classification of the atmospheric circulation patterns producing significant daily rainfall in the spanish mediterranean area,
Int. J. Climatol., 19, 765–785,
CCC 0899–8418/99/070765–21S17.50.
Romero et al. 1999b
Romero, R., C. Ramis, J. A. Guijarro, and G. Summer, 1999b: Daily rainfall affinity areas in Mediterranean Spain,
Int. J. Climatol., 19, 557–578.
Romero et al. 1999c
Romero, R., C. Ramis, and J. A. Guijarro, 1999c: Daily rainfall patterns in the spanish Mediterranean area: an objective classification,
Int. J. Climatol., 19, 95–112.
Romero-Viana et al. 2013
Romero-Viana, L., U. Kienel, and D. Sachse, 2013: Lipid biomarker signatures in a hypersaline lake on Isabel Island (Eastern Pacific) as a proxy for past rainfall anomaly (1942 2006 AD),
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, xxx, yyy–zzz.
Rousi et al. 2022
Rousi, E., K. Kornhuber, G. Beobide-Arsuaga, F. Luo, and D. Coumou, 2022: Accelerated western European heatwave trends linked to more-persistent double jets over Eurasia.,
Nat. Commun., 13(3851), doi: 10.1038/s41467–022–31432–y.
Roy et al. 2002
Roy, S., R. N. Harris, R. U. M. Rao, and D. S. Chapman, 2002: Climate change in India inferred from geothermal observations.,
J. Geophys. Res., 107, 2138 doi: 10.1029/2001JB000536.
Russell and McGregor 2010
Russell, A., and G. R. McGregor, 2010: Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation: impacts on Antarctic climate and reconstructions from Antarctic ice core data.,
Clim. Change, 99, 155–192 DOI: 10.1007/s10584–009–9673–4.
Rutherford and Mann 2004
Rutherford, S., and M. E. Mann, 2004: Correction to 'Optimal surface temperature reconstructions using terrestrial borehole data'.,
J. Geophys. Res., 109, D11107, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004290.
Rutherford et al. 2003
Rutherford, S., M. E. Mann, T. L. Delworth, and R. J. Stouffer, 2003: Climate field reconstruction under stationary and non stationary forcing.,
J. Clim., 16, 462–479.
Rutherford et al. 2005
Rutherford, S., M. E. Mann, T. J. Osborn, R. S. Bradley, K. R. Briffa, M. K. Hughes, and P. D. Jones, 2005: Proxy-based Northern Hemisphere surface temperature reconstructions: sensitivity to method, predictor network, target season and target domain,
J. Climate, 18, 2308–2329.
Rutherford et al. 2010
Rutherford, S., M. E. Mann, C. M. Ammann, and E. R. Wahl, 2010: Comment on 'A Surrogate Ensemble Study of Climate Reconstruction Methods: Stochasticity and Robustness',
J. Climate, 23, 2832–2833.
Saabye 1942
Saabye, H. E., 1942: Brudstykker af en Dagbog holden i Groenland i Aarene 1770-1778,
Vol. 129.
H. Ostermann, Ed. Medd. Groenland.
Sachs et al. 2009
Sachs, J. P., D. Sachse, R. H. Smittenberg, Z. Zhang1, D. S. Battisti, and S. Golubic, 2009: Southward movement of the Pacific intertropical convergence zone AD 1400–1850,
Nature Geoscience, 2, 519–525 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo554.
Safanda et al. 1997
Safanda, J., V. Cermak, and L. Bodri, 1997: Climate history inferred from borehole temperatures, data from the Czech Republic,
Surv. Geophys., 18, 197–212.
Safanda et al. 2007
Safanda, J., D. Rajver, A. Correia, and P. Dedecek, 2007: Repeated temperature logs from Czech, Slovenian and Portuguese borehole climate observatories,
Clim. Past, 3, 453–462.
Salawitch 1998
Salawitch, R. J., 1998: A greenhouse warming connection,
Nature, 1392, 551–552.
Salstein et al. 1983
Salstein, D. A., R. Rosen, and J. P. Peixoto, 1983: Modes of variability in annual hemispheric water vapor and transport fields,
J. Atmos. Sci, 40, 788–803.
Sanz Rodrigo et al. 2017a
Sanz Rodrigo, J., M. Churchfield, and B. Kosovic, 2017a: A methodology for the design and testing of atmospheric boundary layer models for wind energy applications,
Wind Energy Science, 2(1), 35–54.
Sanz Rodrigo et al. 2017b
Sanz Rodrigo, Javier, R. A. Chávez Arroyo, P. Moriarty, M. Churchfield, B. Kosović, P.-E. Réthoré, K. S. Hansen, A. Hahmann, J. D. Mirocha, and D. Rife, 2017b: Mesoscale to microscale wind farm flow modeling and evaluation,
WIREs Energy and Environment, 6(2), e214.
Scafetta and West 2005
Scafetta, N., and B. J. West, 2005: Estimated solar contribution to the global surface warming using the ACRIM TSI satellite composite,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18173, doi:10.1029/2005GL023849.
Scafetta and West 2006
Scafetta, N., and B. J. West, 2006: Reply to comment by J. L. Lean on 'Estimated solar contribution to the global surface warming using the ACRIM TSI satellite composite',
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15702, doi:10.1029/2006GL025668.
Schaeffer et al. 2004
Schaeffer, M., F. M. Selten, and J. Opsteegh, 2004: The influence of ocean convection patterns on high latitude climate projections,
J. Climate, 20, 1571–1582.
Schar et al. 2004
Schar, C., P. L. Vidale, D. Luthi, C. Frei, C. Haberli, M. A. Liniger, and C. Appenzeller, 2004: The role of increasing temperature variability in european summer heat waves,
Nature, 427, 332–336.
Schellnhuber et al. 2016
Schellnhuber, H. J., S. Rahmstorf, and R. Winkelmann, 2016: Why the right climate target was agreed in Paris,
Nature Climate Change, 6, 649–653.
Schellnhuber 1999
Schellnhuber, H.J., 1999: Earth System analysis and the second Copernican revolution,
Nature, 402, 19–23.
Schiermeier 2010a
Schiermeier, Q., 2010a: Glacier estimate is on thin ice,
Nature, 463, 276–277.
Schiermeier 2010b
Schiermeier, Q., 2010b: The real holes in climate science,
Nature, 463, 284–287.
Schilt et al. 2010
Schilt, A., M. Baumgartner, T. Blunier, J. Schwander, R. Spahni, H. Fischer, and T. F. Stocker, 2010: Glacial-interglacial and millennial-scale variations in the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration during the last 800000 years,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 29, 182–192.
Schlesinger and Ramankutty 1994
Schlesinger, M. E., and N. Ramankutty, 1994: An oscillation in the global climate system of period 65-70 years,
Nature, 367, 723–726.
Schmidt 2010
Schmidt, G. A., 2010: Enhancing the relevance of palaeoclimate model/data comparisons for assessments of future climate change,
Journal of Quaternary Science, 25, 79–87, DOI: 10.1002/jqs.1314.
Schmidt and Mann 2004
Schmidt, G. A., and M. E. Mann, 2004: Reply to Comment on 'Ground vs. surface air temperature trends: implications for borehole surface temperature reconstructions' by M. E. Mann and G. Schmidt,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07206, doi:10.1029/2003GL019144.
Schmidt et al. 2011
Schmidt, G. A., J. H. Jungclaus, C. M. Ammann, E. Bard, P. Braconnot, T. J. Crowley, G. Delaygue, F. Joos, N. A. Krivova, R. Muscheler, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, J.Pongratz, D. T. Shindell, S. K. Solanki, F. Steinhilber, and L. E. A. Vieira, 2011: Climate forcing reconstructions for use in PMIP simulations of the last millennium,
Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 33–45.
Schmidt et al. 2012
Schmidt, G. A., J. H. Jungclaus, C. M. Ammann, E. Bard, P. Braconnot, T. J. Crowley, G. Delaygue, F. Joos, N. A. Krivova, R. Muscheler, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, J.Pongratz, D. T. Shindell, S. K. Solanki, F. Steinhilber, and L. E. A. Vieira, 2012: Climate forcing reconstructions for use in PMIP simulations of the last millennium,
Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 185–191.
Schmittner and Galbraith 2010
Schmittner, A., and E. D. Galbraith, 2010: Glacial greenhouse-gas fluctuations controled by ocean circulation changes,
Nature, 456, 373–376.
Schmutz et al. 2000
Schmutz, C., J. Luterbacher, d. Gyalistras, E. Xoplaki, and H. Wanner, 2000: Can we trust proxy-based NAO index reconstructions?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1135–1138.
Schoener and Boehm 2007
Schoener, W., and R. Boehm, 2007: A statistical mass-balance model for reconstruction of LIA ice mass for glaciers in the European Alps,
Annals of Glaciology, 46, 161–169.
Schrijver et al. 2011
Schrijver, C. J., W. C. Livinston, T. N. Woods, and R. A. Mewaldt, 2011: The minimal solar activity in 2008-2009 and its implications for long-term climate modeling.
Schug et al. 2023
Schug, G. R., J. E. Buikstra, S. N. DeWitte, B. J. Baker, E. Berger, M. R. Buzon, A. M. Davies-Barrett, L. Goldstein, A. L. Grauer, L. A. Gregoricka, S. E. Halcrow, K. J. Knudson, C. S. Larsen, D. L. Martin, K. C. Nystrom, M. A. Perry, C. A. Roberts, A. L. Santos, C. M. Stojanowski, J. A. Suby, D. H. Temple, T. A. Tung, M. Vlok, T. Watson-Glen, and S. R. Zakrzewski, 2023: Climate change, human health, and resilience in the Holocene,
PNAS, 120(4), 1–10.
Schulz et al. 2001
Schulz, Jan-Peter, L. Dümenil, and J. Polcher, 2001: On the Land Surface-Atmosphere Coupling and Its Impact in a Single-Column Atmospheric Model,
Journal of Applied Meteorology, 40(3), 642–663.
Schumacher et al. 2024
Schumacher, D. L., M. Zachariah, F. Otto, C. Barnes, S. Philip, S. Kew, M. Vahlberg, R. Singh, D. Heinrich, J. Arrighi, M. van Aalst, M. Hauser, M. Hirschi, V. Bessenbacher, L. Gudmundsson, H. K. Beaudoing, M. Rodell, S. Li, W. Yang, G. A. Vecchi, L. J. Harrington, F. Lehner, G. Balsamo, and S. I. Seneviratne, 2024: Detecting the human fingerprint in the summer 2022 western–central European soil drought,
Earth System Dynamics, 15(1), 131–154.
Schurer et al. 2013
Schurer, A., G. Hegerl, M. E. Mann, S. F. B. Tett, and S. J. Phipps, 2013: Separating forced from chaotic climate variability over the past millennium,
J. Climate, 26, 6954–6973.
Sclater 2003
Sclater, J. G., 2003: Ins and outs of the ocean floor,
Nature, 421, 590–591.
Seager et al. 2007
Seager, R., N. Graham, C. Herweijer, A. L. Gordon, Y. Kushnir, and E. Cook, 2007: Blueprints for Medieval hydroclimate,
Science, 26, 2322–23336, doi: 10.1016/j.quasicrev.2007.04.020.
Seager et al. 2008
Seager, R., R. Burgman, Y. Kushnir, A. Clement, E. Cook, N. Naik, and J. Miller, 2008: Tropical Pacific forcing of North American medieval megadroughts: testing the concept with an Atmosphere Model forced by coral reconstructed SSTs,
J. Climate, 21, 6175–6190.
Seager et al. 2010
Seager, R., M. Ting, M. Davis, M. Cane, N. Naik, J. Nakamura, C. Li, E. Cook, and D. W. Stahle, 2010: Mexican drought: an observational modeling and tree ring study of variability and climate change,
Atmśfera, 22, 1–31.
Seneviratne et al. 2006
Seneviratne, S. I., D. Luethi, M. Litschi, and C. Schaer, 2006: Land-atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe,
Nature, 443, 205–209, doi: 10.1038/nature05095.
Seneviratne et al. 2010
Seneviratne, Sonia I., T. Corti, E. L. Davin, M. Hirschi, E. B. Jaeger, I. Lehner, B. Orlowsky, and A. J. Teuling, 2010: Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate: A review,
Earth-Science Reviews, 99(3), 125 – 161.
Serban et al. 2001
Serban, D. Z., S. B. Nielsen, and C. Demetrescu, 2001: Transylvanian heat flow in the presence of topography, paleoclimate and groundwater flow,
Tectonophysics, 335, 331–344.
Serrano et al. 1999
Serrano, A., J. A. Garc&́#305;a, V. L. Mateos, M. L. Cancillo, and J. Garrido, 1999: Monthly modes of variation of precipitation over the Iberian Peninsula,
J. Clim., 12, 2894–2919.
Servonat et al. 2010
Servonat, J., P. Yiou, M. Khodri, D. Swingedow, and S. Denvil, 2010: Influence of solar variability, CO2 and orbital forcing between 1000 and 1850 AD in the IPSLCM4 model,
Clim. Past, 6, 445–460, DOI: 10.5194/cp–6–445–2010.
Shanahan et al. 2011
Shanahan, T. M., J. T. Overpeck, K. J. Anchukaitis, J. W. Beck, J. E. Cole, D. L. Dettman, J. A. Peck, C. A. Scholz, and J. W. King, 2011: Atlantic forcing of persistent drought in West Africa,
Science, 324, 377–380, doi:10.1126/science.1166352.
Shapiro et al. 2011
Shapiro, A. I., W. Schmutz, E. rozanov, M. Schoell, M. haberreiter, A. V. Shapiro, and S. Nyeki, 2011: A new approach to the long-term reconstruction of the solar irradiance leads to large historical solar forcing,
Astronomy and Astrophysics, 529, A67, doi:10.1051/0004–6361/201016173.
Sheffield and Wood 2007
Sheffield, J., and E. F. Wood, 2007: Characteristics of global and regional drought, 1950-2000: Analysis of soil moisture data from off-line simulation of the terrestrial hydrologic cycle,
J. Geophys. Res., 112, D17115,doi:10.1029/2006JD008288.
Shen and Beck 1991
Shen, P. Y., and A. E. Beck, 1991: Least squares inversion of borehole temperature measurements in functional space,
J. Geophys. Res., 96, 19965–19979.
Shen et al. 1992
Shen, P. Y., K. Wang, h. Beltrami, and J. C. Mareschal, 1992: A comparative study of inverse methods for estimating climatic history from borehole temperature data,
Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (GPC section), 98, 113–127.
Shen et al. 1995
Shen, P. Y., H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, and K. Wang, 1995: Effects of subsurface heterogeneity on the inference of climate change from borehole temeprature,
J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6383–6396.
Shen et al. 1996
Shen, P. Y., H. N. Pollack, and S. Huang, 1996: Inference of ground surface temperature history from borehole temperature data: a comparison of two inverse methods,
Glob. Planet. Change, 14, 49–57.
Sherwood et al. 2015
Sherwood, S. C., S. Bony, O. Boucher, C. Bretherton, P. M. Forster, J. M. GreGory, and B. Stevens, 2015: Adjustments in the forcing-feedback framework for understanding climate change,
BAMS, 217–218.
Shi et al. 2013
Shi, F., B. Yang, A. Mairesse, L. von Gunten, J. Li, A. Bräuning, F. Yang, and X. Xiao, 2013: Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction during the last millennium using multiple annual proxies.,
Climate Research, 56, 231–244.
Shin et al. 2006
Shin, H-J., I.-U. Chung, H.-J. Kim, and J.-W. Kim, 2006: Global energy cycle between land and ocean in the simulated 20th century climate systems,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L14702, doi: 10.1029/2006GL025977.
Shindell et al. 1998
Shindell, D. T., D. Rind, and P. Lonergan, 1998: Increased polar stratospheric ozone losses and delayed eventual recovery owing to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations,
Nature, 392, 589–592.
Shindell et al. 1999a
Shindell, D. T., R. L. Miller, G. Schmidt, and L. Pandolfo, 1999a: Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing,
Nature, 399, 452–455.
Shindell et al. 1999b
Shindell, D. T., D. Rind, N. Balachandran, J. Lean, and P. Lonergan, 1999b: Solar cycle variability, ozone and climate,
Science, 284, 305–308.
Shindell et al. 2001
Shindell, D. T., G. A. Schmidt, M. E. Mann, D. Rind, and A. Waple, 2001: Solar forcing or regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum,
Nature, 294, 2149–2152.
Shindell et al. 2003
Shindell, D. T., G. A. Schmidt, R. Miller, and M. E. Mann, 2003: Volcanic and solar forcing of climate change during the preindustrial era,
J. Climate, 16, 4094–4107.
Siegenthaler et al. 2005a
Siegenthaler, U., T. F. Stocker, E. Monnin, D. Luthi, J. Schwander, B. Stauffer, D. Rainaud, J. M. Barnola, H. Fischer, V. Masson-Delmotte, and J. Jouzel, 2005a: Stable carbon cycle-climate relationship during the late Pleistocene,
Science, 310, 1313–1317.
Siegenthaler et al. 2005b
Siegenthaler, U., E. Monnin, K. Kawamura, R. Spahni, J. Schwander, B. Stauffer, T. S. Stocker, J. M. Barnola, and H. Fischer, 2005b: Supporting evidence from the EPICA Dronning Maud Land ice core for atmospheric CO2 changes during the past millennium,
Tellus, 57B, 51–57.
Silenzi et al. 2004
Silenzi, S., F. Antonioli, and R. Chemello, 2004: A new marker for sea surface temperature trend during the last centuries in temperate areas: Vermetid reef,
Global and Planetary Change, 40, 105–114.
Simolo et al. 2010
Simolo, C., M. Brunetti, M. Maugeri, T. Nanni, and A. Speranza, 2010: Understanding climate change-induced variations in daily temperature distributions over Italy,
J. Geophys. Res., 115, D22110.
Simpkins 2017
Simpkins, G., 2017: Progress in climate modelling,
Nature Climate Change, 7, 684–685.
Sims and Quayle 1998
Sims, D. W., and V. A. Quayle, 1998: Selective foraging behavior of basking sharks on zooplankton in a small-scale front,
Nature, 393, 480–484.
Sinha et al. 2019
Sinha, Ashish, G. Kathayat, H. Weiss, H. Li, H. Cheng, J. Reuter, A. W. Schneider, M. Berkelhammer, S. F. Adalı, L. D. Stott, and R. L. Edwards, 2019: Role of climate in the rise and fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire,
Science Advances, 5(11).
Slingo et al. 2022
Slingo, J., P. Bates, P. Bauer, S. Belcher, T. Palmer, G. Stephens, B. Stevens, T. Stocker, and G. Teutsch, 2022: Ambitious partnership needed for reliable climate prediction,
Nat. Clim. Chang., 12, 499–503.
Slonosky et al. 2001
Slonosky, V. C., P. D. Jones, and T. D. Davies, 2001: Instrumental pressure observations and atmospheric circulation from the 17th and 18th centuries: London and Paris,
Int. J. Climatol., 21, 285–298.
Smerdon 2012
Smerdon, J. E., 2012: Climate models as a test bed for climate reconstruction methods: pseudoproxy experiments.,
WIREs Clim. Change, 3, 63–77, doi: 10.1002/wcc.149.
Smerdon and Kaplan 2007
Smerdon, J. E., and A. Kaplan, 2007: Comment on 'Testing the fidelity of methods used in proxy-based reconstructions of past climate': the role of the standardization interval,
J. Clim., 20, 5666–5670.
Smerdon and Pollack 2016
Smerdon, J. E., and H. N. Pollack, 2016: Reconstructing Earth’s surface temperature over the past 2000 years: the science behind the headlines.,
WIREs Climate Change, 7(5), 746–771.
Smerdon and Stieglitz 2006
Smerdon, J. E., and M. Stieglitz, 2006: Simulating heat transport of harmonic temperature signals in the Earth's shallow subsurface: lower-boundary sensitivities,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L14402, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026816.
Smerdon et al. 2003
Smerdon, J. E., H. N. Pollack, J. W. Enz, and M. J. Lewis, 2003: Conduction-dominated heat transport of the annual temperature signal in soil,
J. Geophys. Res., 108, 2431, doi: 10.1029/2002JB002351.
Smerdon et al. 2004
Smerdon, J. E., H. N. Pollack, V. Cermak, J. W. Enz, M. Kresl, J. Safanda, and J. F. Wehmiller, 2004: Air-ground temperature coupling and subsurface propagation of annual temperature signals,
J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21107, doi: 10.1029/2004JD0050506.
Smerdon et al. 2006
Smerdon, J. E., H. N. Pollack, V. Cermak, J. W. Enz, M. Kresl, J. Safanda, and J. F. Wehmiller, 2006: Daily, seasonal and annual relationships between air and subsurface temperatures,
J. Geophys. Res., 111, D07101, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005578.
Smerdon et al. 2008
Smerdon, J. E., J. F. González-Rouco, and E. Zorita, 2008: Comment on 'Robustness of proxy-based climate field reconstruction methods' by Michael E. Mann et al.,
J. Geophys. Res., 113, D18106.
Smerdon et al. 2010
Smerdon, J. E., A. Kaplan, D. Chang, and M. N. Evans, 2010: A pseudoproxy evaluation of the CCA and RegEM methods for reconstructing climate fields for the last millennium,
J. Climate, 23, 4856–4880, DOI: 10.1175/2010JCLI3328.1.
Smerdon et al. 2011a
Smerdon, J. E., A. Kaplan, D. Chang, and M. N. Evans, 2011a: Corrigendum to 'A pseudoproxy evaluation of the CCA and RegEM methods for reconstructing climate fields for the last millennium',
J. Climate, 24, 1284–1309, DOI: 10.1175/2010JCL13328.1.
Smerdon et al. 2011b
Smerdon, J. E., A. Kaplan, E. Zorita, J. F. González-Rouco, and M. N. Evans, 2011b: Spatial performance of four climate field reconstruction methods targeting the Common Era,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L11705.
Sokratov and Barry 2002
Sokratov, S. A., and R. G. Barry, 2002: Intraseasonal variation in the thermoinsulation effect of snow cover and soil temperatures and energy balance,
J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4093, 10.1029/2001JD000489.
Solanki and Krivova 2004
Solanki, S. K., and N. A. Krivova, 2004: Solar irradiance variations: from current measurements to long-term estimates,
Solar Physics, 224, 197–208.
Solanki et al. 2004
Solanki, S. K., I. G. Usoskin, B. Kromer, M. Schuessler, and J. Beer, 2004: Unusual activity of the sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11000 years,
Nature, 431, 1084–1087.
Sollow 1987
Sollow, A. R., 1987: Testing for climate change: an application of the two-phase regression model,
J. Climate Appl Meteor., 26, 1401–1405.
Sollow 1995
Sollow, A. R., 1995: Testing for change in the frequency of El Ninõ events,
J. Climate, 8, 2563–2566.
Solomon et al. 2007
Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H. L. M. (eds.), 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Song 1998
Song, J., 1998: Reconstruction of the southern oscillation from dryness/wetness in china for the last 500 years,
Int. J. Climatol., 18, 1345–1355.
Soon and Balliunas 2003
Soon, W., and S. L. Balliunas, 2003: Comment on 'On past temperatures and anomalous late-20th century warmth',
EOS, 84, 473–476.
Soon et al. 1999
Soon, W., S. L. Balliunas, A. B. Robinson, and Z. W. Robinson, 1999: Environmental effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide,
Clim. Res., 13, 149–164.
Soong et al. 2020
Soong, Jennifer L., C. L. Phillips, C. Ledna, C. D. Koven, and M. S. Torn, 2020: CMIP5 Models Predict Rapid and Deep Soil Warming Over the 21st Century,
Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 125(2), e2019JG005266.
Sorooshian 2006
Sorooshian, S., 2006: Editorial:Advocacy and integrity,
EOS, 87, 461.
Sotillo et al. 2005
Sotillo, M. G., A. W. Ratsimandresy, J. C. Carretero, A. Bentamy, F. Valero, and J. F. González-Rouco, 2005: A high-resolution 44-year atmospheric hindcast for the Mediterranean Basin: contribution to the regional improvement of global reanalysis,
Clim. Dyn., 25, 219–236.
Spellman 1999
Spellman, G., 1999: Investigating spanish precipitation using 500 hPa flow patterns,
Submitted to Geografiska Annaler.
Sriver and Huber 2006
Sriver, R., and M. Huber, 2006: Low frequency variability in globally integrated tropical cyclone power dissipation,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L11705, doi:10.1029/2006GL026167.
Stahl and Felgenson 2015
Stahl, A. E., and L. Felgenson, 2015: Observing the unexpected enhances infants' learning and exploration,
Science, 348, 91–94, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa3799.
Stahle et al. 2012
Stahle, D. W., D. J. burnette, J. V. Diaz, R. R. H. Jr., F. K. Fye, J. C. Paredes, R. A. Soto, and M. K. Cleaveland, 2012: Pacific and Atlantic influences on mesoamerican climate over the past millennium,
Climate Dynamics, 39, 1431–1446, DOI 10.1007/s00382–011–1205–z.
Stainforth et al. 2005
Stainforth, D. A., T. Aina, C. Chhristensen, M. Collins, N. Faull, D. J. Frame, J. A. Kettleborough, S. knight, A. Martin, J. M. Murphy, C. Piani, D. Sexton, L. A. Smith, R. A. Sicer, A. J. Thorpe, and M. R. Allen, 2005: Investigating spanish precipitation using 500 hPa flow patterns,
Nature, 403–406.
Standen et al. 2016
Standen, J., C. Wilson, S. Vosper, and P. Clark, 2016: Prediction of local wind climatology from Met Office models: Virtual Met Mast techniques,
Wind Energy, 20, 411–430, DOI: 10.1002/we.2013.
Steffen et al. 2015
Steffen, Will, K. Richardson, J. Rockström, S. E. Cornell, I. Fetzer, E. M. Bennett, R. Biggs, S. R. Carpenter, W. de Vries, C. A. de Wit, C. Folke, D. Gerten, J. Heinke, G. M. Mace, L. M. Persson, V. Ramanathan, B. Reyers, and S. Sörlin, 2015: Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet,
Science, 347(6223), 1259855.
Steiger and Smerdon 2017
Steiger, N. J., and J. E. Smerdon, 2017: A pseudoproxy assessment of data assimilation for reconstructing the atmosphere–ocean dynamics of hydroclimate extremes,
Climate of the Past, 13(10), 1435–1449.
Steiger et al. 2018
Steiger, N. J., J. E. Smerdon, E. R. Cook, and B. I. Cook, 2018: A reconstruction of global hydroclimate and dynamical variables over the Common Era,
Sci. Data, 5, 180086, DOI: 10.1086/sdata.2018.86.
Stein 1995
Stein, C. A., 1995: Heat flow of the Earth. A handbook of physical constants: AGU Reference Shelf 1.
American Geophysical Union. T. J. Ahrens (ed.), 144-158.
Steinhilber et al. 2009
Steinhilber, F., J. Beer, and C. Frohlich, 2009: Total solar irradiance during the Holocene,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19704, doi:10.1029/2009GL040142.
Steinman et al. 2022
Steinman, Byron A., N. D. Stansell, M. E. Mann, C. A. Cooke, M. B. Abbott, M. Vuille, B. W. Bird, M. S. Lachniet, and A. Fernandez, 2022: Interhemispheric antiphasing of neotropical precipitation during the past millennium,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(17), e2120015119.
Stendel et al. 2006
Stendel, M., I. A. Mogensen, and J. H. Christensen, 2006: Influence of varios forcings on global climate in historical times using a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model,
Clim. Dyn., 26, DOI 10.1007/s00382-005-0041-4.
Stendel et al. 2007
Stendel, M., V. E. Romanovsky, J. H. Christensen, and T. Sazonova, 2007: Using dynamical downscaling to close the gap between global change scenarios and local permafrost dynamics,
Glob. Planet. Science, 56, 203–214.
Stenseth 1999
Stenseth, N. C., 1999: Common dynamic structure of Canada Lynx popullations within three climatic regions,
Science, 284, 305–308.
Stenseth et al. 2006
Stenseth, N. Chr., N. I. Samia, H. Viljugrein, K. L. Kausrud, M. Begon, S. Davis, H. Leirs, J. E. V. M. Dubyanskiy, V. S. Ageyev, N. L. Klassovskiy, S. B. Pole, and K. S. Chan, 2006: Plague dynamics are driven by climate variation,
PNAS, 13, 13110–13115.
Stenseth et al. 2008
Stenseth, N. Chr., B. B. Atshabar, M. Begon, S. R. Belmain, E. Bertherat, E. Carniel, K. L. Gage, H. Leirs, and L. Rahalison, 2008: Plague: Past, Present, and Future,
PLoS Medicine, 5, 9–13.
Stephenson 1997
Stephenson, D. B., 1997: Correlation of spatial climate/weather maps and the advantages of using the Mahalanobis metric in predictions?,
Tellus, 49A, 513–527.
Stephenson et al. 2000
Stephenson, D. B., V. Pavan, and R. Bojariu, 2000: Is the North Atlantic oscillation a random walk?,
Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1–18.
Stevens et al. 2013
Stevens, Bjorn, M. Giorgetta, M. Esch, T. Mauritsen, T. Crueger, S. Rast, M. Salzmann, H. Schmidt, J. Bader, K. Block, R. Brokopf, I. Fast, S. Kinne, L. Kornblueh, U. Lohmann, R. Pincus, T. Reichler, and E. Roeckner, 2013: Atmospheric component of the MPI-M Earth System Model: ECHAM6,
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 5(2), 146–172.
Stieglitz and Smerdon 2007
Stieglitz, M., and J. Smerdon, 2007: Characterizing Land-Atmosphere coupling and the implications for subsurface thermodynamics,
J. Climate, 20, 21–37, doi:10.1175/JCL13982.1.
Stieglitz et al. 2003
Stieglitz, M., S. J. Dery, V. E. Romanovsky, and T. E. Ostercamp, 2003: The role of snow cover in the warming of the artic permafrost,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1721, doi:10.1029/2003GL017337.
Stocker and Plattner 2016
Stocker, T. F., and G. K. Plattner, 2016: Making use of the IPCCs powerful communication tool,
Nature Clim. Change, 6, 637–638.
Stocker et al. 2013
T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G. K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (Eds.), 2013: Summary for Policymakers,
In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Stockton and Glueck 1999
Stockton, C. W., and M. F. Glueck, 1999: Long-term variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO),
10th Symposium on Global Change Studies.
Dallas, Texas, 10-15 January: American Meteorological Society,
290 293.
Stott et al. 2004
Stott, L., K. Cannariato, R. Thunell, G. H. Haug, A. Koutavas, and S. Lund, 2004: Decline of surface temperature and salinity in the western tropical Pacific Ocean in the Holocene epoch,
Nature, 431, 56–59.
Stott et al. 2000
Stott, P. A., S. F. B. Tett, G. S. Jones, M. R. Allen, J. F. B. Mitchell, and G. J. Jenkings, 2000: External control of 20th century temperature by natural and anthropogenic forcings,
Science, 290, 2133–2137.
Sun and Zhang 2004
Sun, S., and X. Zhang, 2004: Effect of the lower boundary position of the fourier equation on the soil energy balance,
Adv. Atmos. Sci., 21(6), 868–878.
Sutton and Allen 1997
Sutton, R. T., and M. R. Allen, 1997: Decadal predictabillity of North Atlantic sea surface temperature and climate,
Nature, 388, 563–567.
Sutton and Hodson 2003
Sutton, R. T., and D. L. R. Hodson, 2003: Influence of the ocean on North Atlantic climate variability 1871-1999,
J. Clim., 16, 3296–3297.
Svalgaard and Cliver 2010
Svalgaard, L., and E. W. Cliver, 2010: Heliospheric magnetic field 1835-2009,
J. Geophys. Res., 115, A09111, doi:10.1029/2009JA015069.
Swenson and Lawrence 2015
Swenson, S. C., and D. M. Lawrence, 2015: A GRACE-based assessment of interannual groundwater dynamics in the Community Land Model,
Water Resour. Res., 51, 8817–8833, doi:10.1002/2015WR017582.
Swingedow et al. 2010
Swingedow, D., L. Terray, C. Cassou, A. Voldoire, D. Salas-Mélia, and J. Servonat, 2010: Natural forcing of climate during the last millennium: fingerprint of solar variability,
Clim. Dyn., DOI: 10.1007/s00382–010–0803–5.
Taylor et al. 1998
Taylor, A. H., M. B. Jordan, and J. A. Stephens, 1998: Gulf stream shifts following ENSO events,
Nature, 393, 638.
Taylor et al. 2002
Taylor, A. H., J. I. Allen, and P. A. Clark, 2002: Extraction of a weak climatic signal by an ecosystem.,
Nature, 416, 629–632.
Taylor et al. 2007
Taylor, C. M., D. J. Parker, and P. P. Harris, 2007: An observational case study of mesoscale atmospheric circulations induced by soil moisture.,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L15801, doi:10.1029/2007GL030572.
Taylor et al. 2012
Taylor, K. E., R. J. Stouffer, and G. A. Meehl, 2012: An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design.,
Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, DOI:10.1175/BAMS–D–11–00094.1.
Tett et al. 1999
Tett, S. F. B., P. A. Stott, M. R. Allen, W. J. Ingram, and J. F. B. Mitchell, 1999: Causes of twentieth-century temperature change near the Earth's surface,
Nature, 399, 569–572.
Tett et al. 2007
Tett, S. F. B., R. Betts, T. J. Crowley, J. Gergory, T. C. Johns, A. Jones, T. J. Osborn, E. Ostrom, D. L. Roberts, and M. J. Woodgage, 2007: The impact of natural and anthropogenic forcings on climate and hydrology since 1550,
Clim. Dyn., 28, 3–34.
Thompson and Wallace 1998
Thompson, D. W. J., and J. M. Wallace, 1998: The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1297–1300.
Thompson and Wallace 2000
Thompson, D. W. J., and J. M. Wallace, 2000: Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: Month-to-month variability,
J. Climate, 13, 1000–1016.
Thompson et al. 2000
Thompson, D. W. J., J. Wallace, and G. C. Hegerl, 2000: Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: trends,
J. Climate, 13, 1018–1036.
Thomson et al. 2006
Thomson, M. C., F. J. Doblas-Reyes, S. J. Mason, R. Hagedorn, S. J. Connor, T. Phindela, A. P. Morse, and T. N. Palmer, 2006: Malaria early warnings based on seasonal climate forecasts from multi-model ensembles,
Nature, 439, 576–579.
Thorpe et al. 2004
Thorpe, R. B., R. A. Wood, and J. F. B. Mitchell, 2004: Sensitivity of the modelled thermohaline circulation to the parameterisation of mixing across the Greenland-Scotland ridge,
Ocean Modelling, 7, 259–268.
Timmreck et al. 2009
Timmreck, C., S. J. Lorenz, T. J. Crowley, S. Kinne, T. J. Raddatz, M. A. Thomas, and J. H. Jungclaus, 2009: Limited temperature response to the very large AD 1258 volcanic eruption,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L21708.
Tingley and Huybers 2010a
Tingley, M. P., and P. Huybers, 2010a: A bayesian algorithm for reconstructing climate anomalies in space and time. Part I: development and applications to paleoclimate reconstruction problems,
J. Climate, 7, 2759–2781, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3015.1.
Tingley and Huybers 2010b
Tingley, M. P., and P. Huybers, 2010b: A bayesian algorithm for reconstructing climate anomalies in space and time. Part II: comparison with the regularized expectation-maximization algorithm,
J. Climate, 7, 2782–2800, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3016.1.
Tingley and Li 2012
Tingley, M. P., and B. Li, 2012: Comments on 'Reconstructing the NH mean temperature: Can underestimation of trends and variability be avoided?',
J. Climate, 25, 3441–3446, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3016.1.
Tingley et al. 2012
Tingley, M. P., P. F. Craigmile, M. Haran, B. Li, E. Mannshardt, and B. Rajaratnam, 2012: Piecing together the past: statistical insights into paleoclimatic reconstructions,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 35, 1–22, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.01.012.
Toth 1995
Toth, Z., 1995: Degrees of freedom in Northern Hemisphere circulation data,
Tellus, 47A, 457–472.
Touza and Francés 2022a
Touza, L. Lazaro, and G. E. Francés, 2022a: Climate action 2.0: can Green Deals help deliver a just Net-Zero Transition?,
Cuadernos Económicos de ICE, 104 2022/II, doi:/10.32796/cice.2022.104.7475.
Touza and Francés 2022b
Touza, L. Lazaro, and G. E. Francés, 2022b: La Unión Europea rumbo a la neutralidad climática: con brújula y deriva,
Papeles de economía española PAPELES DE ECONOMÍA ESPAÑOLA «EL FUTURO DE LA ENERGÍA», 174, 228–245.
Trenberth 1984a
Trenberth, K. E., 1984a: Some effects of finite sample size and persistence on meteorological statistics. Part I: autocorrelations,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2359–2368.
Trenberth 1984b
Trenberth, K. E., 1984b: Some effects of finite sample size and persistence on meteorological statistics. Part II: Potential predictability,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2369–2379.
Trenberth and Caron 2001
Trenberth, K. E., and J. M. Caron, 2001: Estimates of meridional atmosphere and ocean heat transports,
J. Climate, 14, 3433–3443.
Trenberth and Fasullo 2010
Trenberth, K. E., and J. T. Fasullo, 2010: Tracking Earth's Engergy,
Science, 328, 316–317, DOI:10.1126/science.1187272.
Trenberth and Fasullo 2012
Trenberth, K. E., and J. T. Fasullo, 2012: Tracking Earth's Engergy: from El Nino to Global Warming,
Surv. Geophys., 33, 413–426.
Trenberth and Otto-Bliesner 2002
Trenberth, K. E., and B. L. Otto-Bliesner, 2002: Toward integrated reconstruction of past climates,
Science, 300, 589–591.
Trenberth and Paolino 1980
Trenberth, K. E., and D. A. Paolino, 1980: The Norther Hemisphere sea-level pressure data set: trends, errors and discontinuities,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 856–872.
Trenberth and Paolino 1981
Trenberth, K. E., and D. A. Paolino, 1981: Characteristic patterns of variability of sea level pressure in the Northern Hemisphere,
J. Clim., 109, 1169–1189.
Trenberth and Shea 2006
Trenberth, K. E., and D. J. Shea, 2006: Atlantic hurricanes and natural variability in 2005,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12704 doi:10.1029/2006GL026894.
Trenberth and Shin 1984
Trenberth, K. E., and W. K. Shin, 1984: Quasi-biennial fluctuations in Sea Level Pressure over the Northern Hemisphere,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 761–777.
Trenberth et al. 2007
Trenberth, K. E., P. Jones, P. Ambenje, R. Bojariu, D. Easterling, A. K. Tank, D. Parker, F. Rahimzadeh, J. Renwick, M. Rusticucci, B. Soden, and P. Zhai, 2007: Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [S. Solomon and D. Qin and M. Manning and Z. Chen and M. Marquis and K. B. Averyt and M. Tignor and H. L. Miller (eds.)].
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Trenberth et al. 2009
Trenberth, K. E., J. T. Fasullo, and J. Kiehl, 2009: Earth's global energy budget,
Bulletin of the Americal Meteorological Society, 33, 311–323, DOI:10.1175/2008BAMS2634.1.
Trenberth et al. 2010
Trenberth, K. E., , R. Dole, Y. Xue, K. Onogi, D. Dee, M. Balmaseda, M. Bosilovich, S. Schubert, and L. Large, 2010: . Atmospheric Reanalyses: A Major Resource for Ocean Product Development and Modeling. Proceedings of OceanObs09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society (Vol. 2), Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009, J. Hall, D. E. Harrison and D. Stammer (Eds.), vol. WP-306, ESA publications, doi:10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp.90.
Trouet et al. 2009
Trouet, V., J. Esper, N. E. Graham, A. Baker, J. D. Scourse, and D. C. FranK, 2009: Persistent positive North Atlantic Oscillation mode dominated the medieval climate anomaly,
Science, 324, 78–80.
Trouet et al. 2012
Trouet, V., J. D. Scourse, and C. C. Raible, 2012: North Atlantic storminess and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation during the last millennium: reconciling contradictory proxy records of NAO variability,
Global and Planetary Change, 84-85, 48–55, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.10.003.
Turcotte and Schubert 2002
Turcotte, D. E., and G. Schubert, 2002: Geodynamics. 2nd edn..
Cambridge University Press.
Tyndall 1861
Tyndall, J., 1861: On the absorption and radiation of heat by gases and vapours,
Phil. Mag., 22, 169–194.
Uppala et al. 2005
Uppala, S., P. Kallberg, A. Simmons, U. Andrae, V. da Costa Bechtold, M. fiorino, J. Gibson, J. Haseler, A. Hernandez, G. Kelly, X. Li, K. Onogi, S. Saarinen, N. Sokka, R. Allan, E. Andersson, K. Arpe, M. Balmaseda, A. Beljaars, L. van de Berg, J. Bidlot, N. Bormann, S. Caires, F. Chevallier, A. Dethof, M. Dragosavac, M. Fisher, M. Fuentes, S. Hagemann, E. Holm, B. Hoskins, L. Isaksen, P. Janssen, R. Jenne, A. McNally, J. F. Mahfouf, J. J. Morcrette, N. Rayner, R. Saunders, P. Simon, A. Sterl, K. Trenberth, A. Untch, D. Vasiljevic, P. Viterbo, and J. Woollen, 2005: The ERA-40 re-analysis,
Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961–3012.
Uppenbrink 1999
Uppenbrink, J., 1999: The North Atlantic Oscillation,
Science, 283, 948–949.
Usoskin et al. 2003
Usoskin, I. G., S. K. Solanki, M. Schuessler, K. Mursula, and K. Alanko, 2003: Millennium-scale sunspot number reconstruction: evidence for an unusually active sun since the 1940s,
Phys. Rev. Lett., 91, 211101.
Vakulchuk et al. 2020
Vakulchuk, R., I. Overland, and D. Scholten, 2020: Renewable energy and geopolitics: A review,
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 122, 109547.
Valero et al. 1992
Valero, F., Y. Luna, M. L. Mart&́#305;n, and P. Sancho, 1992: Tropospheric ozone concentrations related to atmospheric conditions at Izanña station, Canary Islands,
Il nuovo cimento, 15, 159–171.
Valero et al. 1993
Valero, F., J. A. Garc&́#305;a-Miguel, M. L. Mart&́#305;n, and Y. Luna, 1993: Detecting long-term variations in precipitation in the souteastern Iberian Peninsula,
Ann. Geophysicae, 11, 837–845.
Valero et al. 1996a
Valero, F., J. F. González, F. J. Doblas, and J. A. Garc&́#305;a-Miguel, 1996a: A method for the reconstruction and temporal extension of climatological time series,
Int. J. Climatol., 16, 213–227.
Valero et al. 1996b
Valero, F., F. J. Doblas, J. F. González, and J. A. Garc&́#305;a-Miguel, 1996b: On long-term evolution of seasonal precipitation in southwestern Europe,
Ann. Geophysicae, 14, 976–985.
Valero et al. 1997
Valero, F., M.Y.Luna, and M. Martin, 1997: An overwiew of a heavy rain event in Southeastern Iberia: the role of large-scale meteorological conditions,
Ann. Geophysicae, 15, 494–502.
Valero et al. 2004
Valero, F., M. Y. Luna, M. L. Martin, A. Morata, and F. Gonzalez-Rouco, 2004: Coupled modes of large-scale climatic variables and regional precipitation in the western Mediterranean in autumn,
Clim. Dyn., 22, 307–323.
van den Besselaar et al. 2011
van den Besselaar, E. J. M., M. R. Haylock, G. van der Schrier, and A. M. G. Klein Tank, 2011: A European daily high-resolution observational gridded data set of sea level pressure,
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 116(D11), n/a–n/a,
D11110.
van Loon and Rogers 1978
van Loon, H., and J. C. Rogers, 1978: The seesaw in winter temperatures between Greenland and Northern Europe. Part I: General Description,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 296–310.
van Loon and Williams 1976a
van Loon, H., and J. Williams, 1976a: The connection between trends of mean temperature and circulation at the surface: Part I. Winter,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 365–380.
van Loon and Williams 1976b
van Loon, H., and J. Williams, 1976b: The connection between trends of mean temperature and circulation at the surface: Part II. Summer,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1003–1011.
van Westen et al. 2024
van Westen, René M., M. Kliphuis, and H. A. Dijkstra, 2024: Physics-based early warning signal shows that AMOC is on tipping course,
Science Advances, 10(6), eadk1189.
Vellinga and Wu 2004
Vellinga, M., and P. Wu, 2004: Low-latitude freshwater influence on centennial variability of the Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation,
J. Climate, 17, 4498–4511.
Vettoretti et al. 1998
Vettoretti, G., W. R. Peltier, and N. A. McFarlane, 1998: Simulations of Mid-Holocene Climate Using an Atmospheric General Circulation model,
J. Climate, 11, 2607–2627.
Vide 2009
Vide, J. Mart&́#305;n, 2009: Diez verdades y diez mentiras en relación al cambio climático,
Enseñanza en Ciencias de la Tierra, 17(2), 120–127,
I.S.S.N.: 1132-9157.
Vieira et al. 2011
Vieira, L., S. K. Solanki, N. A. Krivova, and I. Usoskin, 2011: Evolution of the solar irradiance during the Holocene,
Astron. Astroph., 531, A6, doi:10.1051/0004–6361/201015843.
Villalba et al. 1998
Villalba, R., H. R. Grau, J. A. Boninsegna, G. C. Jacoby, and A. Ripalta, 1998: Tree-ring evidence for long-term recipitation changes in subtropical South America,
Int. J. Climatol., 18, 1463–1478.
Vincent et al. 2002
Vincent, L. A., X. Zhang, B. R. Bonsal, and W. D. Hogg, 2002: Homogenization of daily temperaures over Canada,
J. Climate, 15, 1322–1334.
Vinther et al. 2010
Vinther, B. M., P. D. Jones, K. R. Briffa, H. B. Clausen, K. K. Andersen, D. Dahl-Jensen, and S. J. Johnsen, 2010: Climatic signals in multiple highly resolved stable isotope records from Greenland,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 29, 522–538, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.002.
Virmani and Weisberg 2006
Virmani, J. I., and R. H. Weisberg, 2006: The 2005 hurricane season: an echo of the past or a harbinger of thhe future,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L05707, doi: 10.1029/2005GL025517.
Visbeck 2009
Visbeck, M., 2009: A station-based Southern Annular Mode index from 1884 to 2005.,
J. Climate, 22, 940–950.
Visser et al. 2010
Visser, H., U. Buentgen, R. Darrigo, and A. C. Petersen, 2010: Detecting instabilities in tree-ring proxy calibration,
Climate of the Past, 6, 367–377, doi:10.5194/cp–6–367–2010.
Viviroli et al. 2011
Viviroli, D., D. R. Archer, W. Buytaert, H. J. Fowler, G. B. Greenwood, A. F. Hamlet, Y. Huang, G. Koboltschnig, M. I. Litaor, J. I. López-Moreno, S. Lorentz, B. Schädler, H. Schreier, K. Schwaiger, M. Vuille, and R. Woods, 2011: Climate change and mountain water resources: overview and recommendations for research, management and policy,
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15(2), 471–504.
von Schuckmann et al. 2020
von Schuckmann, K., L. Cheng, M. D. Palmer, C. Tassone, V. Aich, S. Adusumilli, H. Beltrami, T. Boyer, F. J. Cuesta-Valero, D. Desbruyères, C. Domingues, A. Garc&́#305;a-Garc&́#305;a, P. Gentine, J. Gilson, M. Gorfer, L. Haimberger, M. Ishii, G. C. Johnson, R. Killik, B. A. King, G. Kirchengast, N. Kolodziejczyk, J. Lyman, B. Marzeion, M. Mayer, M. Monier, D. P. Monselesan, S. Purkey, D. Roemmich, A. Schweiger, S. I. Seneviratne, A. Shepherd, D. A. Slater, A. K. Steiner, F. Straneo, M.-L. Timmermans, and S. E. Wijffels, 2020: Heat stored in the Earth system: Where does the energy go? The GCOS Earth heat inventory team,
Earth System Science Data Discussions, 2020, 1–45.
von Storch 1995
von Storch, H., 1995: Inconsistencies at the interface of climate impact studies and global climate research,
Meteorol. Zeitschrift, 4, 71–80.
von Storch 1999
von Storch, H., 1999: On the use of inflation in statistical downscaling,
J. Clim., 12, 3505–3506.
von Storch 2004
von Storch, H., 2004: A discourse about quasi-realistic climate models and their applications in paleoclimate studies,
H. Fischer, T. Kumke, G. Lohmann, G. Flöser, H. Miller, H von Storch and J. F. W. Negendank (eds.) The Climate in Historical Times. towards a Synthesis of Holocene Proxy Data and Climate Models.
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag,
43-56.
von Storch 2010
von Storch, H., 2010: Climate models and modeling: an editorial essay,
WIRESs Clim. Change, 1, 305–310. doi: 10.1002/wcc.12.
von Storch 2022
von Storch, H., 2022: Climate Change in the attention arena of the middle class - in Climate of the Middle, Understanding Climate Change as a Common Challenge, A. H. Siegmann (Ed.),
Springer Publisher. Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies and the Wetenschappelijk Instituut voor het CDA,
Pages 73–91. ISBN: 978–3–030–85321–1.
von Storch 2023
von Storch, H., 2023: Brief communication: Climate science as a social process – history, climatic determinism, Mertonian norms and post-normality,
Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 30(1), 31–36.
von Storch and Stehr 2000
von Storch, H., and N. Stehr, 2000: Climate change in perspective,
Nature, 405, 615.
von Storch and Weisse 2007
von Storch, H., and R. Weisse, 2007: Regional storm climate and related marine hazards in the Northeast Atlantic,
In: Diaz, H.F. and Murnane, R.J. (eds.), Climate Extremes and Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (in press), x, x–x.
von Storch and Zorita 2005
von Storch, H., and E. Zorita, 2005: Comment on ' Hockey sticks principal components and spurious significance' by S. McIntyre and R. McKitrick,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20701.
von Storch and Zwiers 1999
von Storch, H., and F. Zwiers, 1999: Statistical Analysis in Climate Research.
Cambridge University Press,
494 pp.
von Storch et al. 1993
von Storch, H., E. Zorita, and U. Cubasch, 1993: Downscaling of global climate change estimates to regional scales: an application to Iberian rainfall in wintertime,
J. Clim., 6, 1161–1171.
von Storch et al. 2000
von Storch, H., U. Cubasch, J. F. Gonzéz-Rouco, J. M. Jones, R. Voss, M. Widmann, and E. Zorita, 2000: Combining paleoclimatic evidence and GCMs by means of Data Assimilation Through Upscaling and Nudging (DATUN),
AMS, 28–31,
9-14 January 2000, 11th Symposium on Global Change Studies. Long Beach, CA.
von Storch et al. 2004
von Storch, H., E. Zorita, Y. Dimitriev, F. Gonzalez-Rouco, and S. Tett, 2004: Reconstructing past climate from noisy data,
Science, 306, 679–682.
von Storch et al. 2006a
von Storch, H., E. Zorita, J. Jones, F. González-Rouco, and S. Tett, 2006a: Response to 'Reconstruction of century scale temperature variations' by Wahl et al.,
Science, 312, 529.
von Storch et al. 2006b
von Storch, H., E. Zorita, J. Jones, F. González-Rouco, and S. Tett, 2006b: Response to 'Testing climate reconstructions' by S. Rahmstorf,
Science, 312, 1872–1873.
Vuille et al. 2012
Vuille, M., S. J. Burns, B. L. Taylor, F. W. Cruz, B. W. Bird, M. B. Abbott, L. C. Kanner, H. Cheng, and V. F. Novello, 2012: A review of the South American monsoon history as recorded in stable isotopic proxies over the past two millennia,
Climate of the Past, 8(4), 1309–1321.
Wade and Hewson 1979
Wade, J. E., and E. W. Hewson, 1979: Trees as a local climatic wind indicator,
J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 1182–1187.
Wagner et al. 1999
Wagner, F., S. J. P. Bohncke, D. L. Dilcher, W. M. Kuerschner, B. van Geel, and H. Visscher, 1999: Century-scale shifts in early Holocene atmospheric CO2 concentration,
Science, 284, 1971–1973.
Wagner et al. 2007
Wagner, S., , M. Widmann, J. Jones, T. Haberzettl, A. Lücke, C. Mayr, C. Ohlendorf, F. Schäbitz, and B. Zolitschka, 2007: Transient simulations, empirical reconstructions and forcing mechanisms for the Mid-Holocene hydrological climate in Southern Patagonia.,
Climate Dynamics, 29, 333–355, doi:10.1007/s00382–007–0229–x.
Wahab and Hasanean 2000
Wahab, M. A., and H. M. Hasanean, 2000: Association between longwave radiation and planetary albedo,
Atmósfera, 13, 245–260.
Wahl et al. 2006
Wahl, E. R., D. M. Ritson, and C. M. Ammann, 2006: Reconstruction of century-scale temperature variations,
Science, 000, 000–000.
Walker and Bliss 1932
Walker, G. T., and E. W. Bliss, 1932: World weather V,
Mem. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 4, 53–84.
Wallace and Gutzler 1981
Wallace, J. M., and D. S. Gutzler, 1981: Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the Northern Hemisphere winter,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 784–812.
Wallace et al. 1995
Wallace, J. M., Y. Zhang, and J. A. Renwick, 1995: Dynamic cotribution to hemispheric mean temperature trends,
Science, 270, 780–783.
Wang 1992
Wang, K., 1992: Estimation of ground surface temperatures from borehole temperature data,
J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2095–2106.
Wang et al. 1994
Wang, K., T. J. Lewis, D. S. Belton, and P. Y. Shen, 1994: Differences in recent ground surface warming in eastern and western Canada: evidence from borehole temperatures,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2689–2692.
Wang et al. 2005
Wang, Y. M., J. L. Lean, and N. R. Sheeley, 2005: Modeling the Sun's magnetic field and irradiance since 1713,
Astrophys. J., 625, 522–538.
Wang et al. 2010
Wang, Z, J. Chappellaz, K. Park, and J. E. Mak, 2010: Large variations in Southern Hemisphere Biomass Burning during the last 650 years,
Science, 330, 1663–1666.
Wanner and Lutherbacher 2002
Wanner, H., and J. Lutherbacher, 2002: The LOTRED approach. A first step towards a Paleoreanalysis for Europe,
Pages, 10, 9–11.
Wanner et al. 2001
Wanner, H., S. Broennimann, C. Casty, D. Gyalistras, J. Luterbacher, C. Schmutz, D. B. Stephenson, and E. Xoplaki, 2001: North Atlantic Oscillation- concepts and studies,
Surv. in Geophys., 22, 321–382.
Waple et al. 2002
Waple, A. M., M. E. Mann, and R. S. Bradley, 2002: Long term patterns of solar irradiance forcing in model experiments and proxy based surface temperature reconstructions,
Clim. Dyn., 18, 563–578.
Ward et al. 2007
Ward, P. J., J. C. J. H. Aerts, H. Moel, and H. Renssen, 2007: Verification of a coupled climate hydrological model against Holocene palaeohydrological records,
Glob. Planet. Change, xx, xxx–xxx.
Warrilow et al. 1986
Warrilow, D. A., A. B. Sangster, and A. Slingo, 1986: Modelling of land surface processes and their influence on European Climate,
Tech. rept. Met. Of. Tech. Note 20 DCTN 38, Bracknell, UK.
Washington and Parkinson 2005
Washington, W. M., and C. L. Parkinson, 2005: An Introduction to Three-Dimensional Climate Modeling.
University Science Books.,
354 pp.
Weber and Kaufmann 1995
Weber, R. O., and P. Kaufmann, 1995: Automated classification scheme for wind fields,
Journal of Applied Meteorology, 34, 1133–1141.
Weber et al. 2004
Weber, S. L., T. J. Crowley, and G. van der Schrier, 2004: Solar irradiance forcing of centennial climate variability during the Holocene,
Climate Dynamics, 22, 539–553, doi: 10.1007/s00382–004–0396–y.
Weisse et al. 2005
Weisse, R., H. von Storch, and F. Feser, 2005: Northeast Atlantic and North Sea storminess as simulated by a regional climate model during 1958-2001 and comparison with observations,
J. Clim., 18 (3), 465–479.
Werner et al. 2000
Werner, M., U. Mikilajeewicz, M. Heimann, and G. Hoffmann, 2000: Borehole versus isotope temperatures in Greenland: Seasonality does matter,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 27 (5), 723–726.
White et al. 1991
White, D., M. Richman, and B. Yarnal, 1991: Climate regionalization and rotation of principal components,
Int. J. Climatol., 11, 1–25.
White et al. 1997
White, J. W. C., D. Fisher, P. Grootes, J. Jouzel, S. J. Johnsen, M. Stuiver, and H. Clausen, 1997: The climate signal in the stable isotopes of snow from Summit, Greenland: Results of comparisons with modern climate observations,
J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26425–26440.
Widmann 2005
Widmann, M., 2005: One-dimensional CCA and SVD, and their relationship to regression maps,
J. Climate, 18, 2785–2792.
Widmann and Tett 2004
Widmann, M., and S. F. B. Tett, 2004: Simulating the climate of the last millenium,
Pages Newsletter, 0, 0–0.
Widmann et al. 2003
Widmann, M., C. Bretherton, and E. P. Salathé, 2003: Statistical precipitation downscaling over the Northwestern United States using numerically simulated precipitation as a predictor,
J. Clim., 16, 799–816.
Widmann et al. 2010
Widmann, M., H. Goosse, G. van der Schrier, R. Schnur, and J. Barkmeijer, 2010: Using data assimilation to study extratropical Northern Hemisphere climate over the last millennium,
Climate of the Past, 6, 627–674, DOI:10.5194/cp–6–627–2010.
Wieringa 1986
Wieringa, J., 1986: Roughness-dependent geographical interpolation of surface wind speed averages,
Quart. J. R. Met. Soc., 112, 867–889.
Wigley et al. 1990
Wigley, T. M. L., P. D. Jones, K. R. Briffa, and G. Smith, 1990: Obtaining sub-grid-scale information from coarse-resolution general circulation model output.,
J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1943–1953.
Wijngaard et al. 2003
Wijngaard, J. B., A. M. Klein, and G. P. Konnen, 2003: Homogeneity of 20th century european daily temperature and precipitation series,
Int. J. Climatol., 23, 679–692.
Wilby and Wigley 1997
Wilby, R. L., and T. M. L. Wigley, 1997: Downscaling of general circulation model output: a review of methods and limitations.,
Prog. Phys. Geograph., 21, 530–548.
Wilby et al. 1998
Wilby, R. L., T. M. L. Wigley, D. Conway, P. D. Jones, B. C. Hewitson, J. Main, and D. S. Wilks, 1998: Statistical downscaling of general circulation model output: a comparison of methods.,
Water Resour. Res., 34, 2995–3038.
Wilkinson et al. 2016
Wilkinson, M. D., M. Dumontier, I. J. Aalbersberg, G. Appleton, M. Axton, A. Baak, N. Blomberg, J. W. Boiten, L. B. da Silva Santos, P. E. Bourne, J. Bouwman, A. J. Brookes, T. Clark, M. Crosas, I. Dillo, O. Dumon, S. Edmunds, C. T. Evelo, R. Finkers, A. Gonzalez-Beltran, A. J. G. Gray, P. Groth, C. Goble, J. S. Grethe, J. Heringa, P. A. Hoen, R. Hooft, T. Kuhn, R. Kok, J. Kok, S. J. Lusher, M. E. Martone, A. Mons, A. L. Packer, B. Persson, P. Rocca-Serra, M. Roos, R. van Schaik, S. A. Sansone, E. Schultes, T. Sengstag, T. Slater, G. Strawn, M. A. Swertz, M. Thompson, J. van der Lei, E. van Mulligen, J. Velterop, A. Waagmeester, P. Wittenburg, K. Wolstencroft, J. Zhao, and B. Mons, 2016: The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship,
Scientific Data, 3, 160018, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18.
Willet et al. 2007
Willet, K. M., N. P. Gillet, P. D. Jones, and P. W. Thorne, 2007: Attribution of observed surface humidity changes to human influence,
Nature, 449, 710–712.
Williams and Loon 1976
Williams, J., and H. V. Loon, 1976: An examination of the Northern Hemisphere Sea-Level Pressure Data Set,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1354–1361.
Wilson et al. 2007
Wilson, R., R. D'Arrigo, B. Buckley, U. Buentgen, J. Esper, D. Frank, B.Luckman, S. Payette, R. Vose, and D. Youngblut, 2007: A matter of divergence: Tracking recent warming at hemispheric scales using tree ring data,
J. Geophys. Res., 112, D17103, doi: 10.1029/2006JD008318.
Wolf and Woolf 2006
Wolf, J., and D. K. Woolf, 2006: Waves and climate change in the north-east Atlantic,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06604, doi:10.1029/2005GL025113.
Wolff et al. 2010
Wolff, E. W., J. Chappellaz, T. Blunier, S. O. Rasmussen, and A. Svensson, 2010: Millennial-scale variability during the last interglacial: the ice core record,
Quaternary Science Reviews, 29, 2828–2838.
Wolff et al. 2013
Wolff, E. W., S. P. Harrison, R. Knutti, M. F. Sanchez-Goñi, O. Wild, A. L. Daniau, V. Masson-Delmotte, I. C. Prentice, and R. Spahni, 2013: How has climate responded to natural perturbations?,
Understanding the Earth System: Global Change Science for Application (S. Cornell and I. C. Prentice, Eds),
Cambridge University Press.
Wolff et al. 1997
Wolff, J. O., E. Maier-Reimer, and S. Legutke, 1997: The Hamburg Ocean Primitive Equation Model,
Tech. rept. 13. German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ), Hamburg, Germany.
Wood et al. 1999
Wood, R. A., A. B. Keen, J. F. B. Mitchell, and J. M. Gregory, 1999: Changing spatial structure of the thermohaline circulation in response to atmoshperic CO2 forcing in a climate model,
Nature, 399, 572–757.
Woodhouse 1998
Woodhouse, C., 1998: Island Lake Tree Ring Record,
International Tree-Ring Data Bank. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center-A for Paleoclimatology,
NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.
Woodhouse 1997
Woodhouse, C. A., 1997: Tree-ring reconstructions of circulation indices,
Clim. Res., 8, 117–127.
Woodhouse and Overpeck 1998
Woodhouse, C. A., and J. T. Overpeck, 1998: 2000 years of drought variability in the central United States,
Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 2693–2713.
Woodhouse et al. 2010
Woodhouse, C. A., D. M. Meko, G. M. MacDonald, D. W. Stahle, and E. R. Cook, 2010: A 1200-year perspective of 21st century drought in southwestern North America,
PNAS, 107, 21283–21288.
Woodruf et al. 1987
Woodruf, S. D., R. J. Slutz, R. L. Jenne, and P. M. Steurer, 1987: A comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set,
Bull. Amer.Meteor. Soc., 68, 1239–1250.
Wu et al. 2018
Wu, Donghai, S. Piao, Y. Liu, P. Ciais, and Y. Yao, 2018: Evaluation of CMIP5 Earth System Models for the Spatial Patterns of Biomass and Soil Carbon Turnover Times and Their Linkage with Climate,
Journal of Climate, 31(15), 5947–5960.
Wunsch 1999
Wunsch, C., 1999: The interpretation of short climate records, with comments on the North Atlantic and Southern Oscillations,
Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 245–255.
Xie and Arkin 1997
Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, 1997: Global precipitation: a 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates and numerical model outputs,
Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2539–2558.
Xoplaki et al. 2003a
Xoplaki, E., J. F. González-Rouco, D. Gyalistras, J. Luterbacher, R. Rickli, and H. Wanner, 2003a: Interannual summer air temperature variability over Greece and its connection to the large scale atmospheric circulation and Mediterranean SSTs 1950-1999,
Clim. Dyn., 20, 537–554.
Xoplaki et al. 2003b
Xoplaki, E., J. F. González-Rouco, J. Luterbacher, and H. Wanner, 2003b: Mediterranean summer air temperature variability and its connection to the large-scale atmospheric circulationn and SSTs,
Clim. Dyn., 20, 723–739.
Xoplaki et al. 2004
Xoplaki, E., J. F. González-Rouco, J. Luterbacher, and H. Wanner, 2004: Wet season Mediterranean precipitation variability: influence of large-scale dynamics and trends,
Clim. Dyn., 23, 63–78.
Xoplaki et al. 2005
Xoplaki, E., J. Luterbacher, H. Paeth, D. Dietrich, N. Steiner, M. Grosjean, and H. Wanner, 2005: European spring and autumn temperature variability and change of extremes over the last half millennium,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15713, doi:10.1029/2005GL023424.
Xoplaki et al. 2006
Xoplaki, E., J. Luterbacher, and J. F. González-Rouco, 2006: Mediterranean summer temperature and winter precipitation, large-scale dynamics, trends,
Nuovo Cimento, 29C, DOI 10.1393/ncc/i2005–10220–4.
Xu et al. 2007
Xu, X., F.Zhang, and J. K. Levy, 2007: The influence of land surface changes on regional climate in Northwest China,
Adv. Atmos. Sci., 24, 527–537.
Yin et al. 2014
Yin, H., M. G. Donat, L. V. Alexander, and Y. Suna, 2014: Multi-dataset comparison of gridded observed temperature and precipitation extremes over China,
Int. J. Climatol., 35, 2809–2827, doi:10.1002/joc.4174.
Yin 2005
Yin, J. H., 2005: A consistent poleward shift of the storm tracks in simulations of 21st century climate,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18701, doi:10.1029/2005GL023684.
Yiou et al. 2012
Yiou, P., J. Servonnat, M. Yoshimori, D. Swingedouw, M. Khodri, and A. Abe-Ouchi, 2012: Stability of weather regimes during the last millennium from climate simulations,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L08703.
Yöstaló 2019
Yöstaló, H., 2019: The role of scientific knowledge in dealing with complex policy problems under conditions of uncertainty,
Policy and Politics, 48(2), 259–276.
Young 1992
Young, K. C., 1992: A three-way model for interpolating monthly precipitation values,
Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 2561–2569.
Young 1993
Young, K. C., 1993: Detecting and removing inhomogeneities from long-term monthly sea level pressure time series,
J. Climate, 6, 1205–1220.
Zhang et al. 2008
Zhang, P., H. Cheng, R. L. Edwards, F. Chen, Y. Wang, X. yang, J. Liu, M. Tan, X. Wang, J. Liu, C. An, Z. Dai, J. Zhou, D. Zhang, J. Jia, L. Jin, and K. R. Johnson, 2008: A test of climate, sun, and culture relationships from an 1810-year chinese cave record.,
Science, 322, 940–942.
Zhang 2005
Zhang, T., 2005: Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview,
Rev. Geophys., 43, RG4002, doi:10.1029/2004RG000157.
Zhang et al. 1997
Zhang, X., X. L. Wang, and J. Corte-Real, 1997: On the relationships between daily circulation patterns and precipitation in Portugal,
J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13495–13507.
Zhang et al. 2005
Zhang, Y., W. Chen, S. L. Smith, and D. W. Riseborough, 2005: Soil temperature in Canada during the twentieth century: Complex responses to atmospheric climate change,
J. Geophys. Res., 110, D03112, doi:10.1029/2004JD004910.
Zhang et al. 2010
Zhang, Z. Y., D. Y. Gong, X. Z. He, Y. N. Lei, and S. H. Feng, 2010: Statistical reconstruction of the Antarctic Oscillation index based on multiple proxies,
Atmos. Oce. Sci. Lett., 3(5), 283–287.
Zhao et al. 2017
Zhao, Chuang, B. Liu, S. Piao, X. Wang, D. B. Lobell, Y. Huang, M. Huang, Y. Yao, S. Bassu, P. Ciais, J.-L. Durand, J. Elliott, F. Ewert, I. A. Janssens, T. Li, E. Lin, Q. Liu, P. Martre, C. Müller, S. Peng, J. Peñuelas, A. C. Ruane, D. Wallach, T. Wang, D. Wu, Z. Liu, Y. Zhu, Z. Zhu, and S. Asseng, 2017: Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(35), 9326–9331.
Zheng and Frederiksen 2004
Zheng, X., and C. S. Frederiksen, 2004: Variability of seasonal-mean fields arising from intraseasonal variability: part 1, methodology,
Clim. Dynamics, 23, 177–191, doi: 10.1007/s00382–004–0428–7.
Zheng et al. 2000
Zheng, X., H. Nakamura, and J. Renwick, 2000: Potential predictability of seasonal means based on monthly time series of meteorological variables,
J. Climate, 13, 2591–2604.
Zhou et al. 2011
Zhou, T., B. Li, W. Man, L. Zhang, and J. Zhang, 2011: A comparison of the Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age and 20th century warming simulated by the FGOALS climate system model,
Chinese Science Bulletin, 56, 3028–3041, doi: 10.1007/s11434–011–4641–6.
Zhu and Liang 2005
Zhu, J., and X.-Z. Liang, 2005: Regional climate model simulations of U.S. soil temperature and moisture during 1982-2002,
J. Geophys. Res., 110, D24110, doi:10.1029/2005JD006472.
Zorita 1999
Zorita, E., 1999: Predicción global y regional del clima,
Rev. R. Acad. Cienc. Exact. Fis. Nat., 93, 67–83.
Zorita and González-Rouco 2000
Zorita, E., and J. F. González-Rouco, 2000: Disagreement between predictions of the future behavior of the Arctic Oscillation as simulated in two different climate models: Implications for global warming.,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1755–1758.
Zorita and González-Rouco 2002
Zorita, E., and J. F. González-Rouco, 2002: Are temperature-sensitive proxies adequate for North Atlantic Oscillation reconstructions?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 10.1029/2002GL015404.
Zorita and von Storch 1999
Zorita, E., and H. von Storch, 1999: The analog method as a simple statistical downscaling technique: comparison with more complicated methods,
J. Clim., 12, 2474–2489.
Zorita and von Storch 2005
Zorita, E., and H. von Storch, 2005: Methodological aspects of reconstructing non-local historical temperatures,
J. Italian Astron. Soc., 76, 794–802.
Zorita et al. 1992
Zorita, E., V. Kharin, and H. von Storch, 1992: The atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic area in winter: their interaction and relevance for Iberian precipitation,
J. Clim., 5, 1097–1108.
Zorita et al. 2003
Zorita, E., J. F. González-Rouco, and S. Legutke, 2003: Testing the Mann et al. (1999) approach to paleoclimate reconstructions in the context of a 1000-Yr control simulation with the ECHO-G coupled climate model,
J. Clim., 16, 1378–1390.
Zorita et al. 2005
Zorita, E., J. F. González-Rouco, H. von Storch, J. P. Montávez, and F. Valero, 2005: 'Natural and anthropogenic modes of surface temperature variations in the last thousand years,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L08707.
Zorita et al. 2007
Zorita, E., F. González-Rouco, and H. von Storch, 2007: Coments to 'Testing the fidelity of methods used in proxy-based reconstructionss of past climate' by Mann et al.,
J. Climate, 20, 3693–3698, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI4171.1.
Zwiers and von Storch 1995
Zwiers, F. W., and H. von Storch, 1995: Taking serieal correlations into account in tests of the mean,
J. Clim., 8, 336–351.